Abstract：
:Biological markers of intermediate health outcomes sometimes provide a superior alternative to traditional measures of pollutant-related disease. Some opportunities and methodologic issues associated with using markers are discussed in the context of exposures to four complex mixtures: environmental tobacco smoke and nitrogen dioxide, acid aerosols and oxidant outdoor pollution, environmental tobacco smoke and radon, and volatile organic compounds. For markers of intermediate health outcomes, the most important property is the positive predictive value for clinical outcomes of interest. Unless the marker has a known relationship with disease, a marker response conveys no information about disease risk. Most markers are nonspecific in that various exposures cause the same marker response. Although nonspecificity can be an asset in studies of complex mixtures, it leads to problems with confounding and dilution of exposure-response associations in the presence of other exposures. The timing of a marker's measurement in relation to the occurrence of exposure influences the ability to detect a response; measurements made too early or too late may underestimate the response's magnitude. Noninvasive markers, such as those measured in urine, blood, or nasal lavage fluid, are generally more useful for field studies than are invasive markers. However, invasive markers, such as those measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lung specimens from autopsies, provide the most direct evidence of pulmonary damage from exposure to air pollutants. Unfortunately, the lack of basic information about marker properties (e.g., sensitivity, variability, statistical link with disease) currently precludes the effective use of most markers in studies of complex mixtures.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Wilcosky TCdoi
10.1289/ehp.93101s4193subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-12-01 00:00:00pages
193-7eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
101 Suppl 4pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:Methylmercury (MeHg) exhibits neurotoxicity through accumulation in the brain. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) plays an important role in reducing the cellular accumulation of MeHg. OBJECTIVES:We investigated the protective effect of isothiocyanates, which are kno...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.1003123
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to investigate exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a young urban population in a developing country, with focus on potentially highly exposed children working informally as scrap scavengers at a large municipal waste disposal site. We also set out to investigate whether hydroxyla...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.10713
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Once a sign of modernization and growth, dams are often seen today as symbols of environmental and social devastation. Over 800,000 dams have been built worldwide to provide drinking water, flood control, hydropower, irrigation, navigation, and water storage. Dams do indeed provide these things,but at the cost of seve...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.971051050
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Pterygium is a fibrovascular growth of the bulbar conjunctiva and underlying subconjunctival tissue that may cause blindness. The mechanism of pterygium formation is not yet fully understood, but pterygium has some tumorlike features. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study was to evaluate the association be...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.11111
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Residents of Anniston, Alabama, live near a Monsanto plant that manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from 1929 to 1971 and are relatively heavily exposed. OBJECTIVES:The goal of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, between blood pressure and levels of total serum PCBs, several PCB ...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.1002830
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increased gastrointestinal cancer risk is associated with occupational exposure to asbestos fiber. Examination of tissues obtained from extrapulmonary organs of exposed workmen demonstrates the presence of asbestos fibers and bodies. The amount of fiber present in these tissues is many magnitudes less than encounte...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.749229
更新日期：1974-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Proto-oncogenes are cellular genes that are expressed during normal growth and developmental processes. Altered versions of normal proto-oncogenes have been implicated in the development of human neoplasia. In this report, we show the detection of activated proto-oncogenes in various spontaneous and chemically induced...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1289/ehp.877581
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many mammals methylate trivalent inorganic arsenic in liver to species that are released into the bloodstream and excreted in urine and feces. This study addresses how methylated arsenicals pass through cell membranes. We have previously shown that aquaglyceroporin channels, including Escherichia coli GlpF, Saccharomy...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.8600
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The combined effects of carbon monoxide and low temperature on daily variation in hospital admissions for congestive heart failure (CHF) were examined for a 4-year period in Chicago, Illinois. Medicare hospital admissions for CHF were analyzed as a function of the maximum hourly temperature, maximum hourly levels of c...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.98106649
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methyl eugenol is a naturally occurring material found in a variety of food sources, including spices, oils, and nutritionally important foods such as bananas and oranges. Given its natural occurrence, a broad cross-section of the population is likely exposed. The availability of biomonitoring and toxicology data offe...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1289/ehp.9057
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Discoveries that emerging and re-emerging pathogens have their origin in environmental change has created an urgent need to understand how these environmental changes impact disease burden. In this article we present a framework that provides a context from which to examine the relationship between environme...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.9806
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As part of a detailed experimental study of the pathogenicity of disease of slate dust workers, the early biochemical changes in rat lung from 1 to 90 days after intratracheal inoculation of slate dust of particle size below 5 micron were investigated. A severalfold increase in free cell population (initially macropha...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.8351305
更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An estimated 8000 children 0 to 14 years of age are diagnosed annually with cancer in the United States. Leukemia and brain tumors are the most common childhood malignancies, accounting for 30 and 20% of newly diagnosed cases, respectively. From 1975 to 1978 to 1987 to 1990, cancer among white children increased sligh...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1289/ehp.95103s6177
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids, myomas) are the most common tumors occurring in the genital tract of women over 30 years of age. These benign uterine smooth-muscle tumors are estimated to be clinically significant in at least 25% of the American female population during their reproductive years. Furthermore, when thorou...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1289/ehp.00108s5769
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As part of a cohort study of the effects of chronic exposure to lead on pregnancy outcome and child development, lead concentrations in the umbilical cord and placental tissues (body and membranes) from 9 late fetal deaths, 23 preterm births, and 18 births associated with premature rupture of the amniotic membranes we...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.90-1519491
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We analyzed data from 798 lead workers to determine whether polymorphisms in the genes encoding delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) were associated with or modified relations of lead exposure and dose measures with renal outcomes. Lea...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.6116
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lung burden analysis was performed on 126 autopsy cases of persons who died in New York City from 1966 through 1968. Of the 126 cases, 107 were probably non-occupationally exposed, judging by occupational history and asbestos body content of lung. Fifty-three of the 107 cases contained short chrysotile fibers/fibrils,...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.94102s5235
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We characterized an endocrine disruptor from ground corncob bedding material that interferes with male and female sexual behavior and ovarian cyclicity in rats and stimulates estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cell proliferation. The agents were identified as an isomeric mixture of...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.10659
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Epidemiological research on effects of transportation noise on incident hypertension is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES:We aimed to investigate whether residential road traffic noise increases the risk for hypertension. METHODS:In a population-based cohort of 57,053 individuals 50-64 years of age at enrollment, w...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/EHP6273
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Early-life exposure to lead is associated with deficits in neurodevelopment and with hematopoietic system toxicity. DNA methylation may be one of the underlying mechanisms for the adverse effects of prenatal lead on the offspring, but epigenome-wide methylation data for low levels of prenatal lead exposure a...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/EHP1246
更新日期：2017-08-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The physiological function of copper(I)-metallothionein is not well understood. The respiratory function of hemocyanin, a copper(I)-containing respiratory protein found in the hemolymph of many invertebrates, has been known a long time. However, the mechanism by which Cu(I) is inserted into the oxygen-binding site of ...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.866593
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies performed earlier have shown a positive relation between blood lead (a parameter for lead body burden) and blood pressure, whereas such a relation between urine cadmium (a parameter for cadmium body burden) and blood pressure could not be shown. Median (i.e., 50th percentile, P50) blood levels in the general p...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.887867
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or methylmercury (MeHg) can result in a variety of neurotoxic effects, including long-term auditory deficits. However, little is known about the effects of combined exposure to PCBs and MeHg on auditory function. OBJECTIVE:We developmentally exposed...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.0800428
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Exposure to certain phenols is ubiquitous because of their use in many consumer and personal care products. However, predictors of exposure have not been well characterized in most populations. OBJECTIVES:We sought to identify predictors of exposure and to assess the reproducibility of phenol concentrations...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.1306830
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Clean Air Act requires that sensitive subgroups of exposed populations be protected from adverse health effects of air pollution exposure. Hence, data suggesting the existence of sensitive subgroups can have an important impact on regulatory decisions. Some investigators have interpreted differences among individu...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.90-1519500
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male reproduction has been given little attention in science and in medical practice. However, a recent metaanalysis on semen quality, which clearly pointed to a decrease over the past 50 years, has been repeatedly quoted. Three recent reports have found that semen quality has declined among candidate semen donors dur...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.95103s7137
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the many forms that biological warfare may take is the targeting of major food crops. In a poor country where millions of citizens depend on staple crops such as rice, an act of bioterrorism that destroys the crop would create a famine, resulting not only in malnutrition and starvation but also in reduced immun...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.108-a126
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Southwest metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) inhabitants have been exposed several hours per day for the last 6 years to photochemical smog, ozone being the most important oxidant pollutant. Subjects exposed to the SWMMC atmosphere develop several histopathological changes in their nasal mucosa: dysplasia is the most si...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1289/ehp.101-1519752
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To assess levels of chlorinated contaminants in breast milk, we measured organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk samples collected in 1994 according to the World Health Organization protocol from 92 donors...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1289/ehp.98106797
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The available data on binary interactions are yet to be considered within the context of mixture risk assessment because of our inability to predict the effect of a third or a fourth chemical in the mixture on the interacting binary pairs. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models represent a potentially use...
journal_title：Environmental health perspectives
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1289/ehp.02110s6989
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
