Abstract:
:Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the development of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and demyelination both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in conditions of neuropathic pain. Pathological states within the nervous system can lead to activation of microglia. The latter may mediate neuronal and glial cell injury and death through production of proinflammatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines. These then help to mobilize the adaptive immune response. Although inflammation may induce beneficial effects such as pathogen clearance and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, uncontrolled inflammation can result in detrimental outcomes via the production of neurotoxic factors that exacerbate neurodegenerative pathology. In states of prolonged inflammation, continual activation and recruitment of effector cells can establish a feedback loop that perpetuates inflammation and ultimately results in neuronal injury. A critical balance between repair and proinflammatory factors determines the outcome of a neurodegenerative process. This review will focus on how cytokines and chemokines affect neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis in bacterial meningitis and brain abscesses, Lyme neuroborreliosis, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, and neuropathic pain.
journal_name
Mediators Inflammjournal_title
Mediators of inflammationauthors
Ramesh G,MacLean AG,Philipp MTdoi
10.1155/2013/480739subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
480739eissn
0962-9351issn
1466-1861journal_volume
2013pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Rodent models suggest that follistatin-like 3 (fstl3) is associated with diabetes and obesity. In humans, plasma fstl3 is reduced with gestational diabetes. In vitro, TNF-α induces fstl3 secretion, which suggests a link to inflammation. OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the association between plasma fstl3 and obesity...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/364209
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI) is accompanied by increased expression of inflammation and decreased expression of anti-inflammation. IL-37 was found to be involved in the atherosclerosis-related diseases and increased in acute coronary syndrome. However, the level of IL-37 in blood ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/626934
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infection by Leishmania takes place in the context of inflammation and tissue repair. Besides tissue resident macrophages, inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils are recruited to the infection site and serve both as host cells and as effectors against infection. Recent studies suggest additional important roles for ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/754965
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peptide 204-212 of lipocortin (LC) 5 inhibited porcine pancreatic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) induced rat stomach strip contractions and ADP induced rabbit platelet aggregation in a concentration dependent manner (IC(30) of 10 muM and 400 muM, respectively). The first two amino acids are not necessary since the eptape...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/S0962935193000146
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a severe inflammatory complication of retinal detachment. Pathological epiretinal membranes grow on the retina surface leading to contraction, and surgery fails in 5% to 10% of the cases. We evaluated the expression of VEGF-A, Otx1, Otx2, Otx3, and p53 family member...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/857380
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endoglin is a coreceptor of the TGF-β superfamily predominantly expressed on the vascular endothelium and selective subsets of immune cells. We previously demonstrated that Endoglin heterozygous (Eng (+/-)) mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) developed persistent gut inflammation and pathological angiogenes...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/767185
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide known to cause hyperphagia, has been involved in the occurrence and development of obesity. However, differences in the distribution of serum NPY levels in obese phenotypes (including metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) phenotype and metabolically healthy obesity ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/7903140
更新日期:2020-08-04 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide health problem. Chronic infection induces continuous inflammation in the liver, progression of hepatic fibrosis, eventual cirrhosis, and possible hepatocellular carcinoma. Eradication of the virus is one of the most important treatment aims. A number of promising ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2016/6841628
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parasites of the genus Leishmania are capable of inhibiting effector functions of macrophages. These parasites have developed the adaptive ability to escape host defenses; for example, they inactivate the NF-κB complex and suppress iNOS expression in infected macrophages, which are responsible for the production of th...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/2631625
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress can lead to the development of atherosclerosis. Our group has previously showed that CD137 signaling contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis and the vulnerability of plaques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2020/4321912
更新日期:2020-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease usually occurring in synovial tissues and joints, is highly associated with genetic and environmental factors. ORAI1, a gene related to cellular immune system, has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and immune disease...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/834831
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitotic catastrophe, as defined in 2012 by the International Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death, is a bona fide intrinsic oncosuppressive mechanism that senses mitotic failure and responds by driving a cell to an irreversible antiproliferative fate of death or senescence. Thus, failed mitotic catastrophe can promote...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2015/146282
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammation represents the immune system response to external or internal aggressors such as injury or infection in certain tissues. The body's response to cancer has many parallels with inflammation and repair; the inflammatory cells and cytokines present in tumours are more likely to contribute to tumour growth, pr...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/979748
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Statins exert pleiotropic effects on endothelial cells in addition to lowering cholesterol. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15) has been implicated in vascular inflammation and disease. The relationship between atorvastatin and ALOX15 was investigated using a rat carotid artery balloon-injury model. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2016/6769032
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microscopic colitis (MC), comprising collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC), is a common cause of chronic diarrhea. Various immune cell infiltrations in the epithelium and lamina propria are seen in MC immunopathology. We compared gene and protein expressions of different immune cell attracting chemokin...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/132458
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A family of eleven proteins comprises the Janus kinases (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, which enables transduction of signal from cytokine receptor to the nucleus and activation of transcription of target genes. Irregular functioning of the cascade may contribute ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/6716419
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We evaluated the lncRNA and mRNA expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy nonsmokers, smokers without airflow limitation, and COPD patients. Methods:lncRNA and mRNA pro...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2018/7501851
更新日期:2018-03-13 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To determine induced sputum cell counts and interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels as markers of neutrophilic inflammation in moderate persistent asthma, and to evaluate the response to inhaled steroid therapy. METHODS:Forty-five moderate asthmatic patients a...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1080/09629350400003118
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in obesity-related type 2 diabetes. The imbalance in repair and injury (hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia) results in microvascular changes, including apoptosis of microvascular cells, ultimately leading to diabe...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2010/792393
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of intravenous injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) on rabbit inflammatory immune response and atherosclerosis were evaluated by establishing a microamount Pg bacteremia model combined with high-fat diet. Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into Groups A-D (n = 6). After 14 weeks, l...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2015/364391
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maternal intake of trans-fatty acids (TFAs) in the perinatal period triggers a proinflammatory state in offspring. Anthocyanins contained in fruit are promising modulators of inflammation. This study investigated the effect of Jussara supplementation in the maternal diet on the proinflammatory state of the colon in of...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/987927
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human virome comprises viruses that infect host cells, virus-derived elements in our chromosomes, and viruses that infect other organisms, including bacteriophages and plant viruses. The development of high-throughput sequencing techniques has shown that the human gut microbiome is a complex community in which the...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2015/326032
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracellular bacterial ribonucleases such as binase from Bacillus pumilus possess cytotoxic activity against tumor cells with a potential for clinical application. Moreover, they may induce activation of tumor-derived macrophages either into the M1-phenotype with well-documented functions in the regulation of the ant...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/4029641
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metabolic hormones have been associated with reproductive function modulation. Thus, the aim of this study was: (i) to characterize the immunolocalization, mRNA and protein levels of leptin (LEP), Ghrelin (GHR) and respective receptors LEPR and Ghr-R1A, throughout luteal phase; and (ii) to evaluate the role of LEP and...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2014/682193
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Impaired maternal immune tolerance resulting in systemic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Phenotypical changes of monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes have already been studied in preeclampsia, and some studies also included T lymphocyte activation markers; however, t...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/8045161
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plasma levels of endotoxin and various cytokines were assessed in 70 patients with gastrointestinal tract perforation. Sepsis developed in 29 of them, and eight of these (27.6%) had on admission endotoxin levels higher than 9.8 pg ml(-1). The clinical outcome correlated with the level of tumour necrosis factor alpha (...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/S0962935192000097
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its impact on cognition in older people has been demonstrated, but many points remain unclarified. In order to study the effect of aging on the thyroid gland, we compared the thyroid gland of very old mice with that of younger ones. We have first investigated the changes of thyroi...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2017/8102170
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common disease affecting 20-25% of population over 60 years old. Early diagnosis is difficult because symptoms only become evident in advanced stages of the disease. Inflammation, impaired metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction predispose to PAD, which is normally associated wit...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2018/2760272
更新日期:2018-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::Since iron can contribute to detrimental radical generating processes through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions, it seems to be a reasonable approach to modulate iron-related pathways in inflammation. In the human organism a counterregulatory reduction in iron availability is observed during inflammatory diseases. ...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1155/2015/516740
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The proapoptotic protein, granzyme B (GZB), was identified as a contributor to the atherosclerotic plaque instability and recently as inflammatory activator. We studied the release kinetics of GZB and other markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 18 (IL-18), an...
journal_title:Mediators of inflammation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1155/2013/343268
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00