Abstract:
:Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyze the generation of reactive species capable of binding with cellular macromolecules, leading to acute and delayed toxicity. Since individual CYP forms differ markedly in their substrate preferences and regulation, the expression profiles of CYP in various cell types are important determinants in tissue-specific toxicity. The highest concentrations of most forms of CYP are found in liver, but they are also present in many extrahepatic organs. Liver is also a target organ in which CYP-mediated activation and toxic outcome have been most convincingly linked. Prime examples are paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity and aflatoxin B1-associated hepatic cancer. In contrast to liver, most extrahepatic tissues are composed of multiple call types, which make experimental approaches difficult. Also the low abundance of individual forms is a challenge in the study of extrahepatic CYP-related toxicity. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of molecular biological techniques, e.g., reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions, which facilitate the study of low abundant CYP forms in human tissues. Nevertheless, in the end we need definite information on the expression of activity, and for this purpose enzyme-specific substrates, reactions, and inhibitors and other methods to detect proteins and associated activities are needed. In humans, it is important to measure activities of specific enzymes in vivo. For this purpose, two approaches are currently available. Metabolism and/or elimination of enzyme-specific drugs can be employed. In cases in which genetic background determines the presence or absence of a specific enzyme, phenotyping and genotyping tests can be devised, e.g., for CYP2D6 (debrisoquine hydroxylation) polymorphism.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Pelkonen O,Raunio Hdoi
10.1289/ehp.97105s4767subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-06-01 00:00:00pages
767-74eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
105 Suppl 4pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies indicate that the design of streets and sidewalks can influence physical activity among residents. Park features also influence park use and park-based physical activity. Although individuals can walk on streets and sidewalks, walking loops in parks offer a setting to walk in nature and to a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP293
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metals have been mined and used since ancient times. The industrial era has seen a sharp increase in both the amounts and variety of metals that find applications in industry. The inadvertent release of metals, such as from fossil fuel consumption, also adds to the global burden. A number of catastrophic outbreaks hav...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s19
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::An association between human illness and exposure to Pfiesteria was first observed among laboratory personnel working with the microorganism. In 1997, in the setting of Pfiesteria activity on the Pocomoke River in Maryland, difficulties with learning and memory were epidemiologically associated with high-level exposur...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109s5787
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perinatal exposure to carcinogens may contribute to the determination of susceptibility to cancer in two situations: a) exposure in utero of embryonal or fetal somatic cells to carcinogens, and b) prezygotic exposure of the germ cells of one or both parents to carcinogens. Epidemiological as well as experimental studi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.929839
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of the potent mutagenicity of AF-2, which was once used in Japan as a food preservative, has exerted a great influence not only on screening procedures for carcinogenic compounds but also on legislative approaches to mutagenic substances. It promoted the synthesis of exceedingly sensitive and reliable te...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7929183
更新日期:1979-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Impairment of any of the major components of the immune system (T-cells, B-cells phagocytes, complement) may result in clinical immunodeficiency. Immune defects can arise from intrinsic or heritable defects of lymphoid elements, failure of normal cellular differentiation, viral infection or other acquired causes. Clin...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.82439
更新日期:1982-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games provided a unique case study to investigate the effect of source control measures on the reduction in air pollution, and associated inhalation cancer risk, in a Chinese megacity. OBJECTIVES:We measured 17 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and estimated the l...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1003100
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although many studies have examined the effects of air pollution on mortality, data limitations have resulted in fewer studies of both particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0800108
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Prostaglandins (PGs) play key roles in development and maintenance of homeostasis of the adult body. Despite these important roles, it remains unclear whether the PG pathway is a target for endocrine disruption. However, several known endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) share a high degree of structural si...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1002635
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The in vivo micronucleus assay can be analyzed by comparing the number of micronuclei (MN) of several dose groups with those of a control group. In several publications, difficulties arose in estimating a suitable distribution for MN, even in the untreated historical control groups. Mitchell et al. described the prese...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s1121
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of chrysotile on DNA synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat were studied by measuring the uptake of tritium-labeled thymidine; whole stomach, small intestine, colon liver were removed, cleaned, and homogenized and the DNA was isolated and assayed for tritium label.A dose-response study indicate...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.749319
更新日期:1974-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Phthalates comprise a large class of chemicals used in a variety of consumer products. Several have anti-androgenic properties, and in rodents prenatal exposure has been associated with reduced anogenital distance (AGD)-the distance from the anus to the genitals in male offspring. Few human studies have been...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1509870
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asthma and lead poisoning are prevalent among urban children in the United States. Lead exposure may be associated with excessive production of immunoglobulin E, possibly increasing asthma risk and contributing to racial disparities. The objective of this study was to examine racial differences in the association of b...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7453
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although para-nonylphenol (NP) is known as an endocrine disruptor, the immunologic effect of NP has been poorly analyzed. We found that NP from 5 to 50 microM caused a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human blood neutrophils, which was measured by using a chemilum...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6584
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The potential danger of natural mercury accumulation in the diet of the Eskimo is evaluated through mercury levels determined in cord blood, placenta, maternal blood, hair, and milk of 38 maternal-infant pairs from Anchorage and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Although mercury levels are not discernably dangerous, trends t...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7615135
更新日期:1976-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular epidemiology has significant potential in preventing cancer and other diseases caused by environmental exposures (related to lifestyle, occupation, or ambient pollution). This approach attempts to prevent cancer by incorporating laboratory methods to document the molecular dose and preclinical effects of car...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s3441
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lead is a male reproductive toxicant. Data suggest that rats dosed with relatively high levels of lead acetate for short periods of time induced changes in the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the molecular level, but these changes were attenuated with increased concentration of exposure. The curr...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110871
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure of rats to quartz (or various other particles) can lead to the development of lung tumors. At the moment, the mechanisms involved in particle-induced tumor formation are not clarified. However, it is suggested that inflammation, in conjunction with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an enhanc...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s51291
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Daily adult human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been estimated at <1 µg/kg, with virtually complete first-pass conjugation in the liver in primates but not in mice. We measured unconjugated and conjugated BPA levels in serum from adult female rhesus monkeys and adult female mice after oral administration ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.1002514
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our work has focused on the determination of physiological traits that may facilitate in situ degradation of xenobiotic compounds by indigenous microorganisms. For this our interests center on the following questions: What are the ambient conditions in a benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)-contaminated a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s449
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Agricultural use of antimicrobials in subtherapeutic concentrations is increasing in response to the rising demand for food animal products worldwide. In India, the use of antimicrobials in food animal production is unregulated. Research suggests that many clinically important antimicrobials are used indiscr...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP292
更新日期:2017-07-20 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the investigation is to study whether an increased mortality from certain causes exists in an area around the Rönnskärsverken smelter works in northern Sweden. Founded in 1928, this metallurgical plant processing mainly nonferrous metals has since its initial operations been using ore with a high arseni...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7719133
更新日期:1977-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, we determined the biologic activity of dichloromethane-extracted particulate matter < 10 micro m in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) obtained from filters at three sites in the Paso del Norte airshed, which includes El Paso, Texas, USA; Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Sunland Park, New Mexico, USA. The extrac...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6058
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We assessed the reproducibility of X-ray fluorescence-based lead measurements from multiple measurements made on a low-concentration plaster of paris phantom and in five subjects measured five times on two occasions. Over a 6-month period, 220 measurements of the same phantom were obtained and showed a standard deviat...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102690
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Animal feeding practices in the United States have changed considerably over the past century. As large-scale, concentrated production methods have become the predominant model for animal husbandry, animal feeds have been modified to include ingredients ranging from rendered animals and animal waste to antibi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9760
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The relationship of fine particulate matter < 2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)) air pollution with mortality and cardiovascular disease is well established, with more recent long-term studies reporting larger effect sizes than earlier long-term studies. Some studies have suggested the coarse fraction, particl...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0900572
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In these studies the effects of ingested arsenic (As(+5)) on hepatic heme biosynthetic capability and hemoprotein function in adult male rats were investigated. Animals exposed for 6 weeks to 0, 20, 40, or 85 ppm sodium arsenate in the drinking water suffered depression of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synth...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7719209
更新日期:1977-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental estrogens are of particular concern when exposure occurs during embryonic development. Although there are good models to study estrogenic activity of chemicals in adult animals, developmental exposure is much more difficult to test. The weak estrogenic activity of the environmental estrogen bisphenol A (...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7155
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because of rampant concern that estrogenic chemicals in the environment may be adversely affecting the health of humans and wildlife, reliable methods for detecting and characterizing estrogenic chemicals are needed. It is important that general agreement be reached on which tests to use and that these tests then be a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.961041296
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reports on the prevalence of lead poisoning in children between 1 and 5 years of age living in a marginal area to the north of Mexico City and also includes an evaluation of sources of exposure to this metal in the same area. The results show that 67.5% of the children studied have blood lead (PbB) levels >...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.104-1469505
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00