Abstract:
:Amacrine cells are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of inhibitory interneurons. Morphologically, they have been divided into approximately 30 types. Although this diversity is probably important to the fine structure and function of the retinal circuit, the amacrine cells have been more generally divided into two subclasses. Glycinergic narrow-field amacrine cells have dendrites that ramify close to their somas, cross the sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, and create cross talk between its parallel ON and OFF pathways. GABAergic wide-field amacrine cells have dendrites that stretch long distances from their soma but ramify narrowly within an inner plexiform layer sublamina. These wide-field cells are thought to mediate inhibition within a sublamina and thus within the ON or OFF pathway. The postsynaptic targets of all amacrine cell types include bipolar, ganglion, and other amacrine cells. Almost all amacrine cells use GABA or glycine as their primary neurotransmitter, and their postsynaptic receptor targets include the most common GABA(A), GABA(C), and glycine subunit receptor configurations. This review addresses the diversity of amacrine cells, the postsynaptic receptors on their target cells in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, and some of the inhibitory mechanisms that arise as a result. When possible, the effects of GABAergic and glycinergic inputs on the visually evoked responses of their postsynaptic targets are discussed.
journal_name
Vis Neuroscijournal_title
Visual neuroscienceauthors
Zhang C,McCall MAdoi
10.1017/S0952523812000028subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-01-01 00:00:00pages
11-29issue
1eissn
0952-5238issn
1469-8714pii
S0952523812000028journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the pigeon visual system was studied during the first 9 days after hatching using a mouse monoclonal antibody, mAb 3A12, to glutaraldehyde linked GABA (Matute & Streit, 1986). GABA-like immunoreactivity was seen in cell bodies as well as in neuropil at the level of bot...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800009846
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::One striking transformation in response properties that occurs in the geniculo-cortical pathway is the appearance of a high degree of orientation selectivity in the cortex. This property may be conceived as arising purely from the excitatory inputs to the cell, as being structured largely by the inhibition a cortical ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010257
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a part of ongoing efforts to understand the cholinergic circuitry in the mammalian retina, we studied the coexpression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1), or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the rabbit retina. Double-l...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523801181083
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The entire population of ganglion cells in the retina of the toad Bufo marinus was labeled by retrograde transport of a lysine-fixable biotinylated dextran amine of 3000 molecular weight. Synaptic connections between bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer were quantitatively analyzed, with ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800011792
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Effects of ATP on the activity of cGMP-gated channels from carp cone photoreceptors were studied. In 29% of the patches examined (N = 45), ATP (1 mM) enhanced a current evoked by cGMP (20 microM, up to about 100%), in 33%. ATP suppressed it by up to about 90%, and in the remaining 38%, ATP had no effect. ATP showed si...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800012578
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Observers performed red-green and yellow-blue hue cancellation tasks for a 0.8-deg circular test field on a dark surround, by manipulating the excitation level of one cone class while the other two classes were held constant. The results of the red-green judgments conformed to classical opponent color theory in that b...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523801186062
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The retinas of adult teleost fish can regenerate following injury, but little is known about the neuronal integration of the visual scene that is performed by the regenerated retina. Using goldfish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as the experimental system, an evaluation of dendritic arbor structure and passive electrot...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899162060
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::During adaptation to an increase in environmental luminance, retinal signaling adjustments are mediated by the neuromodulator dopamine. Retinal dopamine is released with light and can affect center-surround receptive fields, the coupling state between neurons, and inhibitory pathways through inhibitory receptors and n...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523819000129
更新日期:2020-02-12 00:00:00
abstract::During early mammalian development, inputs from the two retinas intermix within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), then segregate during the first postnatal week into layers that receive input from a single retina. Functionally, the LGN also changes markedly during the first postnatal month; early geniculate respon...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899163107
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the neural location of the plaid motion coherence process is not precisely known, the middle temporal (MT) cortical area has been proposed as a likely candidate. This claim rests largely on the neurophysiological findings showing that in response to plaid stimuli, a subgroup of cells in area MT responds to th...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380000852x
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To gain insight into how vision guides eye movements, monkeys were trained to make a single saccade to a specified target stimulus during feature and conjunction search with stimuli discriminated by color and shape. Monkeys performed both tasks at levels well above chance. The latencies of saccades to the target in co...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899161042
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is known to affect the speed and accuracy of visual judgments, the underlying electrophysiological response has not been explored. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effect of GVS on the N170 event-related potential, a marker commonly associated with earl...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523812000235
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In binocular vision, the lateral displacement of the eyes gives rise to both horizontal and vertical disparities between the images projected onto the left and right retinae. While it is well known that horizontal disparity is exploited by the binocular visual system of birds and mammals to enable depth perception, th...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380118404x
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The technique of current source-density analysis was applied to several components of the light-evoked field potentials (electroretinogram) from the retina of the superfused eyecup of rabbit. The depth distributions of the major current sources and sinks were: b-wave--sink at outer plexiform layer, source at inner ple...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899162163
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The size, pattern of terminal arborizations, and laminar specificity of individual retinogeniculate axons were studied in the macaque following injections of HRP into the optic tract. Axons that terminated in the magnocellular layers had significantly larger fiber diameters and wider terminal fields than those that te...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800001206
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human visual system is remarkably tolerant to degradation in image resolution: human performance in scene categorization remains high no matter whether low-resolution images or multimegapixel images are used. This observation raises the question of how many pixels are required to form a meaningful representation o...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523808080930
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dopaminergic interplexiform cells in the retina of the blue acara were investigated using an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase and PAP visualization. In whole-mount preparations, we observed a homogeneous distribution of cell bodies throughout the retina without any indication of regional specialization. At the f...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010737
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several lines of evidence indicate that retinal photoreceptors produce melatonin. However, there are other potential melatonin sources in the retina, and melatonin synthesis can be regulated by feedback from the inner retina. To analyze cellular mechanisms of melatonin regulation in retinal photoreceptors, we have dev...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800005009
更新日期:1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In birds, neurons of the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION), as well as "ectopic" neurons, send axons to the retina, where they synapse on cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL). Previous work has shown that centrifugal axons can be divided into two anatomically distinct types depending on their model of termination: either "...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800001747
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Saccadic suppression is the reduced visibility that occurs during saccadic eye movements. Recent psychophysical studies have suggested that this is due to a reduction in responsiveness of magnocellular (M), but not parvocellular (P), cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. To address this and other phenomena of respo...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523801182106
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The large receptive fields of retinal horizontal cells are thought to reflect extensive electrical coupling via gap junctions. It was shown recently that the biotinylated tracers, biocytin and Neurobiotin, provide remarkable images of coupling between many types of retinal neuron, including horizontal cells. Further, ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800009524
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The activity of the endogenous retinal dopamine (DA) pathway has been examined in the pigmented rat using retinas obtained from normal adult (approximately 3 months) and senile adults (approximately 24 months) using an in vitro electrophysiological approach. By comparing the pharmacological sensitivity of the horizont...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800176035
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Embryonic chick retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells can undergo transdifferentiation upon appropriate stimulation. For example, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induces intact RPE tissue younger than embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5) to transdifferentiate into a neural retina. NeuroD, a gene encoding a basic helix-loop...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800171172
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Simple reaction times (RTs) were measured to brief temporally blurred (total onset 570 ms) Gaussian isoluminant chromatic patches (s.d. 0.5 degrees) whose chromaticities lay along the cardinal chromatic axes (0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees in MBDKL color space). Bipolar adapting stimuli were emplo...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523808080449
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent isolation of at least five different cDNAs encoding functional subunits of glutamate receptors (GluR1 to GluR5) has revealed a diversity whose function is not understood. To learn more about how these different receptor subunits are used in the brain, we undertook an in situ hybridization study of the retin...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800006489
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study used the swept spatial-frequency method to compare retinal and cortical acuity in anesthetized young adult rhesus monkeys. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and pattern electroretinographic responses (PERGs) were recorded from 25 monkeys (age range: 4-12 years) anesthetized with a continuous infusion of propo...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899164010
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We tested the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the transmitter released by barnacle photoreceptors onto postsynaptic cells (I-cells). GABA was applied to I-cells either by superfusion or by ejecting it with pressure from a pipette positioned close to the I-cell's soma. The I-cell's response to GABA wa...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800005496
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the influence of voltage-sensitive conductances in shaping light-evoked responses of retinal bipolar cells, whole-cell recordings were made in the slice preparation of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. To study contrast encoding, the retina was stimulated with 0.5-s steps of negative and positiv...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523803201036
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychophysical research has documented the existence of three processes in light adaptation: a fast subtractive process, a divisive process that is fast at light onset and slower at light offset, and a very slow subtractive process (Hayhoe et al., 1987). In the neural model developed here, the fast subtractive process...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/s0952523800012098
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::To provide a quantitative description of postnatal retinal expansion in rabbits, a new procedure was developed to map the retinae, which cover the inner surface of hemispheres or parts of rotation ellipsoids, in situ, onto a single plane. This method, as well as the known distribution of Müller cells per unit retinal ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800004703
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00