Abstract:
:We tested the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the transmitter released by barnacle photoreceptors onto postsynaptic cells (I-cells). GABA was applied to I-cells either by superfusion or by ejecting it with pressure from a pipette positioned close to the I-cell's soma. The I-cell's response to GABA was compared with its response to light (i.e. to the photoreceptors' transmitter) by recording intracellularly from its soma. Bath-applied (100 microns to 10 mM) and pressure-applied GABA (10 mM in pipette) hyperpolarizes I-cells by increasing their conductance, as does the photoreceptors' transmitter. The response to pressure-applied GABA consists of two components; both persist when Co2+ or Cd2+ are added to the saline to block synaptic transmission in the preparation, indicating that GABA affects the I-cell directly rather than affecting a presynaptic cell. GABA hyperpolarizes the I-cell when applied to the cell over the soma and ipsilateral arbor or over the contralateral arbor. The I-cells' responses to GABA and to light both depend on extracellular K+ and are affected by changes in intracellular and extracellular Cl-. However, picrotoxin and beta-guanidinopropionic acid block the response to pressure-applied GABA but do not block the response to light even at an order of magnitude higher concentration. Thus, GABA is not likely to be the transmitter that causes the hyperpolarizing response of the I-cell. It may be a neuromodulator or the transmitter of an unknown input to the I-cell.
journal_name
Vis Neuroscijournal_title
Visual neuroscienceauthors
Callaway JC,Stuart AEdoi
10.1017/s0952523800005496subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-10-01 00:00:00pages
301-10issue
4eissn
0952-5238issn
1469-8714pii
S0952523800005496journal_volume
3pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Linking propositions have played an important role in refining our understanding of the relationship between neural activity and perception. Over the last 40 years, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have been used in many different ways to address questions of the relationship between neural activity and perception. Thi...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0952523813000205
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electroretinogram (ERG) responses of the cone system to a flickering stimulus can exhibit a cyclic variation in amplitude. This phenomenon of synchronous period doubling has been attributed to a nonlinear feedback mechanism within the retina that alters response gain. The aim of the present study was to investigate in...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523805226111
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In previous work, we have shown that sudden image displacements well outside the classical receptive field modulate the visual sensitivity of LGN relay cells. Here we report the effect of image displacements on the response versus contrast function. The stimuli consisted of a central spot of optimal size and polarity ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899165143
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Within the visual cortex of several mammalian species, more circuitry is devoted to the representation of vertical and horizontal orientations than oblique orientations. The sensitivity of this representation of orientation preference to visual experience during cortical maturation and the overabundance of cardinal co...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523804041045
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is known to affect the speed and accuracy of visual judgments, the underlying electrophysiological response has not been explored. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effect of GVS on the N170 event-related potential, a marker commonly associated with earl...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523812000235
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new tissue slice preparation of the cuttlefish eye is described that permits patch-clamp recordings to be acquired from intact photoreceptors during stimulation of the retina with controlled light flashes. Whole-cell recordings using this preparation, from the retinas of very young Sepia officinalis demonstrated tha...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523805223106
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rod and cone photoresponses in a variety of species have been accurately described with linear multistage filter models. In this study, the response latency and initial coding of intensity at two higher levels of visual processing are related to such photoreceptor responses. One level is the retinal output (spiking di...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800012499
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::During adaptation to an increase in environmental luminance, retinal signaling adjustments are mediated by the neuromodulator dopamine. Retinal dopamine is released with light and can affect center-surround receptive fields, the coupling state between neurons, and inhibitory pathways through inhibitory receptors and n...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523819000129
更新日期:2020-02-12 00:00:00
abstract::Population-based studies of retinal neurons have helped to reveal their natural types in mammals and teleost fishes. In this, the first such study in a frog, labeled ganglion cells of the mesobatrachian Xenopus laevis were examined in flatmounts. Cells with large somata and thick dendrites could be divided into three ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380001155x
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reduction of blood flow to the rat retina was achieved by either clamping both carotid arteries briefly (24 min) or combining clamping of the carotid arteries with permanent occlusion of the vertebral arteries. Analysis of retinas 6 days after operations showed that GFAP immunoreactivity is expressed throughout the re...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010427
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is widely accepted that human color vision is based on two types of cone-opponent mechanism, one differencing L and M cone types (loosely termed "red-green"), and the other differencing S with the L and M cones (loosely termed "blue-yellow"). The traditional view of the early processing of human color vision sugges...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523801181125
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Single isolated photoreceptors can be taken through a visual cycle of light adaptation by bleaching visual pigment, followed by dark adaptation when supplied with 11-cis retinal. Light adaptation after bleaching is manifested by faster response kinetics and a permanent reduction in sensitivity to light flashes, presum...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800001735
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The morphological characteristics of the eyes and the retinae of lanternfish larvae of Lampanyctus crocodilus, Benthosema glaciale, and Myctophum punctatum were analyzed in pre-flexion, flexion, and post-flexion stages. Pre-flexion larvae of L. crocodilus, the species with the shallowest depth distribution, had spheri...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523807070484
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The abundance and spatial distribution of retinal cone photoreceptors change during thyroid hormone (TH)-induced and natural development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These changes are thought to allow the fish to adapt to different photic environments throughout its life history. To date, the ontogeny of ra...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523806232139
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A model of contrast discrimination performance in human observers is developed and then extended to cover effects on performance of anticholinergic drugs. It is shown that it is necessary to assume that neural noise increases at high spatial frequencies in order to provide a satisfactory model of variations in discrim...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800009123
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fish of the genus Anableps (Anablepidae, Cyprinodontiformes) have eyes that are adapted for simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In this study we investigate some of the corresponding retinal specializations of the adult Anableps anableps eye using retinal transverse sections and wholemounts. The linear dimensions ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523806230232
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Embryonic chick retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells can undergo transdifferentiation upon appropriate stimulation. For example, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induces intact RPE tissue younger than embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5) to transdifferentiate into a neural retina. NeuroD, a gene encoding a basic helix-loop...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800171172
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dopaminergic interplexiform cells in the retina of the blue acara were investigated using an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase and PAP visualization. In whole-mount preparations, we observed a homogeneous distribution of cell bodies throughout the retina without any indication of regional specialization. At the f...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010737
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surround enhancement (sensitization) is a poorly understood form of network adaptation in which the kinetics of the responses of retinal neurons to test stimuli become faster, and absolute sensitivity of the responses increases with increasing level of steady, surrounding light. Surround enhancement has been observed ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800006751
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have described the currents flowing across the presynaptic membranes of the four median photoreceptors of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, using a quasi-voltage clamp arrangement. Membrane potential, measured in the terminal region of one photoreceptor, was controlled in all four terminals by feedback current s...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800003667
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::L and M cones, divided into two groups by absorption spectra, have not been distinguished by structure. Here, we report what may be such a difference. We reconstructed the synaptic terminals of 16 non-S cones and the dendritic arbors of their ON and OFF midget bipolar cells from high-magnification electron micrographs...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523810000477
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanisms that mediate the calcium influx in mammalian horizontal cells were studied. Horizontal cells (HCs) enzymatically dissociated from the rabbit retina were recorded by the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique and by calcium image ratioespectrophotometry of Fura-2 loaded cells. AMPA-preferring ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::To better understand the evolution of spatial and color vision, the number and spatial distributions of cones, rods, and optic nerve axon numbers were assessed in seven New World primates (Cebus apella, Saimiri ustius, Saguinus midas niger, Alouatta caraya, Aotus azarae, Calllithrix jacchus, and Callicebus moloch). Th...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523808080371
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tritiated neurotransmitter candidates were unilaterally injected in visual cortical regions with abundant corpus callosum connections. D-aspartate (Asp) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was injected along the area 17/18 border in cat, and the area 17/18a and 17/18b borders in rat. Retrograde Asp label was found contr...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800004351
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A series of psychophysical tests examining early and later aspects of image-motion processing were conducted in a patient with bilateral lesions involving the posterior visual pathways, affecting the lateral parietal-temporal-occipital cortex and the underlying white matter (as shown by magnetic resonance imaging stud...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800000444
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multifocal VEP (mfVEP) responses were obtained from 13 normal human subjects for nine test conditions, covering three viewing conditions (dichoptic and left and right monocular), and three different temporal stimulation forms (rapid contrast reversal, rapid pattern pulse presentation, and slow pattern pulse presentati...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523805221053
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The entire population of ganglion cells in the retina of the toad Bufo marinus was labeled by retrograde transport of a lysine-fixable biotinylated dextran amine of 3000 molecular weight. Synaptic connections between bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer were quantitatively analyzed, with ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800011792
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examine the assumptions that the fovea contains equal numbers of inner (invaginating or ON) and outer (flat or OFF) midget bipolar cells and equal numbers of inner and outer diffuse bipolar cells. Based on reconstruction from electron photomicrographs of serial thin sections through the fovea of a macaque monkey, w...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523803202091
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::While color vision mediated by rod photoreceptors in dim light is possible (Kelber & Roth, 2006), most animals, including humans, do not see in color at night. This is because their retinas contain only a single class of rod photoreceptors. Many of these same animals have daylight color vision, mediated by multiple cl...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S095252380808084X
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The multi-input technique of Sutter and Tran (1992) yields multiple focal ERGs. The purpose here was to compare the components of this multifocal ERG to the components of the standard, full-field ERG. To record multifocal ERGs, an array of 103 hexagons was displayed on a monitor. Full-field (Ganzfeld) ERGs were elicit...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800012190
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00