Abstract:
:When a nebulizer is evaluated by the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI), the flow rate is generally maintained at 28.3 L/min, as recommended by the manufacturer. However, the nebulizer flow rate that a patient inhales is only around 18 L/min. Because the drive flow of a nebulizer is approximately 6-8 L/min, the nebulized drug is mixed with outside air when delivered. Evaluating impactor performance at the 28.3 L/min flow rate is less than ideal because an additional 10 L/min of outside air is mixed with the drug, thereby affecting the drug size distribution and dose before inhalation and deposition in the human lung. In this study we operated the ACI at an 18.0 L/min flow rate to test whether the effect of the changing ambient humidity was being exaggerated by the 28.3 L/min flow rate. The study was carried out at three different relative humidity levels and two different impactor flow rates with four commercially available nebulizers. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) of the droplets were found to increase when the impactor was operated at a flow rate of 18 L/min compared to that of 28.3 L/min. The higher MMAD and GSD could cause the patient to inhale less of the drug than expected if the nebulizer was evaluated by the ACI at the operating flow rate of 28.3 L/min.
journal_name
Pharm Dev Technoljournal_title
Pharmaceutical development and technologyauthors
Zhou Y,Brasel TL,Kracko D,Cheng YS,Ahuja A,Norenberg JP,Kelly HWdoi
10.1080/10837450701366937subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-01-01 00:00:00pages
353-9issue
4eissn
1083-7450issn
1097-9867pii
781510367journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The main purpose of this work was to study the albendazole-cyclodextrins complexation equilibrium and to propose a suitable excipient to improve the solubility behavior and dissolution rate of albendazole. The complexation of albendazole with four cyclodextrins, alpha-CD, beta-CD, gamma-CD, and hydroxypropylated (HP)-...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837459809009867
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The compendial method of evaluation of orodispersible tablets (ODT) is the same disintegration test as for conventional tablets. Since it does not reflect the disintegration process in the oral cavity, alternative methods are proposed that are more related to in vivo conditions, e.g. modified dissolution paddle appara...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2012.710238
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seven potential impurities, including by-products, starting materials and intermediates were identified in pharmaceutical substance quetiapine fumarate and characterized by spectroscopic methods (MS, IR, NMR). Based on these methods the structures of the impurities were assigned or confirmed as: impurity I: 2-(phenylt...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450802409388
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of waxy corn (maize) starch as a cofiller and diluent in pellets produced by aqueous extrusion-spheronization. Waxy corn starch was combined with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the range of 20-50% of the entire composition. Pellets containing ordinary corn st...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-100100521
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel microemulsion based gel formulation containing tazarotene for targeted topical therapy of acne. Psudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the concentration range of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant for microemulsion formation. The optimized...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2015.1081610
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A redox-responsive docetaxel (DTX) prodrug consisting of a disulfide linkage between DTX and vitamin E (DTX-SS-VE) was synthesized in our laboratory and was successfully formulated into liposomes. The aim of this study was to optimize the formulation and investigate the cellular uptake of DTX prodrug-loaded liposomes ...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450.2017.1287728
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Freeze-drying in presence of excipients is a common practice to stabilize biomacromolecular formulations. The composition of this formulation is known to affect the quality of the final product. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate freeze-drying in well-plates as a high throughput platform for formu...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2013.871028
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:The recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) legislation has introduced the evaluation of the Design Space of critical process parameters in manufacturing processes. In freeze-drying, a "formulation" is expected to be robust when minor deviations of the product temperature do not negatively affect the final...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2011.581287
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have proposed a theory indicating the correlation between the dissolution rate and the heat of solution of drug substances. The initial dissolution rates of the drug substances containing amorphous were predicted accurately from their heats of solution. In this report, the possibility for the theory to estimate the...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-120002234
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was pretreated with six concentrations of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to produce a series of adjuvants with various degrees of phosphate substitution for surface hydroxyl. The adsorption of three phosphorylated proteins (alpha casein, dephosphorylated alpha casein, and ovalbumin) by the ...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-120017526
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The first-line therapy for moderate to severe benign prostatic hyperplasia is the oral therapy by alfuzosin hydrochloride. Unfortunately, the oral therapy of alfuzosin is associated with several route-specific systemic side-effects. The current study was aimed to develop a prototype transdermal patch system for alfuzo...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2010.522585
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Due to their light consistency and good spreadability, aqueous foams are considered as convenient and highly accepted drug carrier systems that are of great importance in the field of topical drug delivery. The production of a stable, easy to dose, preferably environmentally harmless foam formulation is challenging. T...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450.2020.1863426
更新日期:2020-12-27 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was carried out in order to mask the bitter taste of the Etoricoxib by complexation with cation-exchange resin, Indion 204. The drug resin complexes (DRC) were prepared by batch process and efficient drug loading was obtained by using inactivated form of resin in the drug-resin ratio 1:3.3 with 30 mi...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450903322787
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, the degradation of Octastatin, a cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin, was examined as a function of pH, temperature, buffer, and ionic strength by reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography. Degradation of Octastatin followed a first-order kinetics. Various buffer species such ...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837459709022640
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::To develop an effective therapeutic treatment, the potential of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol-retinoic acid (PLGA-PEG-RA) polymeric micelles for targeted delivery of irinotecan to hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29) was evaluated. PLGA-PEG-RA was synthesized b...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450.2017.1340950
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The formulation of betamethasone-17-valerate (BV) into topical medicines presents a significant challenge for the formulation chemist. The substance is susceptible to acid and base catalyzed isomerization in aqueous environments, which results in valerate transesterification from carbon 17 to carbon 21 of the steroid ...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2016.1143003
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stability of captopril in a controlled release formulation has been a challenge for some time. The sustained release of captopril from floating matrices has been studied varying the antioxidant load, the sodium bicarbonate proportion and the compaction pressure. Although in many cases the effect of compaction pressure...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450903110737
更新日期:2009-07-22 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of some processing and formulation variables on the stability of tablets containing a crystalline salt of a triazine derivative was studied. The salt has a relatively low melting point and a low microenvironmental pH due to the weakly basic nature of the parent compound (pKa = 4.0). This compound decomposes...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-200031417
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::New microspheres containing hydrophilic core and hydrophobic coating as a controlled-release system with no toxic reagents were proposed. Water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion and solvent evaporation methods were used to make chitosan/ cellulose acetate (CCA) microspheres sized 200 - 400 microm. Ranitidine hydrochlor...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-54421
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The binding mechanism of tablets prepared by single-step granulation/tabletting (SSGT), a novel technique for the production of tablets, was evaluated. SSGT yielded hard tablets having a short disintegration time due to their porous, spongelike internal structure. Calculation of the interaction factor and electrical c...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-65690
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Skin delivery of Meloxicam (MX) offers several advantages over the oral route which is associated with potential side effects. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to develop transdermal MX in niosomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Vesicles prepared by thin film hydration method were characterized and the acute anti...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2011.598166
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microparticles have been used in clinic for the treatment of different diseases and from a regulatory point of view, a parenterally applied drug and drug delivery systems must be sterile and pyrogen free. Radiation sterilization is a method recognized by pha...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2016.1163393
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tablet hardness, a measure of the breaking force of a tablet, is based on numerous factors. These include the shape of the tablet and the mode of the application of force. For instance, when a pentagonal-shaped tablet was tested with a traditional hardness tester with flat platens, there was a large variation in hardn...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450.2016.1219370
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quality by design (QbD) is an essential part of the modern approach to pharmaceutical quality. This study was conducted in the framework of a QbD project involving ramipril tablets. Preliminary work included identification of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) based on the qu...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2012.705294
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to compare the dissolution behavior of tablets prepared from solid dispersions with and without drug-carrier interactions. Diazepam and nifedipine were used as model drugs. Two types of carriers were used; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K12, K30 and K60) and saccharides (inulin 1.8 kDa, 4 kD...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450903286529
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes a method to quantitatively track the solvation of HPC in a non-aqueous solvent system during topical gel manufacture. Where visual observation and microscopy could not establish a trend, straight-forward rheological profiling demonstrated a correlation between increased solvation of hydroxypropy...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450.2018.1502319
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::To improve the solubility and bioavailability of oridonin (ORI), glycerol monooleate lipid (GMO)- or phytantriol (PYT)-Poloxamer 407-propylene glycol-water systems were firstly used to develop cubosomes containing ORI for oral delivery. These cubosomes prepared through the fragmentation of bulk gels under homogenizati...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2015.1121496
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The main objective of this research is to use the near-infrared diffuse reflectance method to evaluate and quantify the effects of hardness and porosity on the near-infrared spectras of tablets. To develop a model equation, validate the model and test the model predictive ability. Seven theophylline tablet formulation...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/pdt-120024689
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Bioadhesiviness of polyacrylic acid polymers make them promising hydrogels to design topical drug delivery systems, allowing a close contact with biological substrate as well as an enhanced local concentration gradient, both factors that may improve the biological performance of the drugs. AIM:Texture and bioa...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/10837450.2014.882941
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Letrozole (LTZ), an aromatase inhibitor used for the treatment of hormonally-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, has poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and a range of side effects. In this study, polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs) incorporating the drug have been designed and characterized, aimed to c...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical development and technology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10837450.2018.1455698
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00