Abstract:
:Community-based distribution (CBD) programs are the optimum way of reaching people in rural areas of developing countries where conventional methods of delivery do not exist or fail. This paper reviews findings and experiences from over 30 years of efforts to implement CBD of family planning methods around the world. Although research suggests that community-based service delivery can contribute to contraceptive use, the magnitude of impact is often in doubt or its existence is questionable when compared to alternative family planning delivery services. After the review of more than 30 years of CBD work, we found that these programs are still needed to meet the needs for contraception in rural communities and isolated city neighborhoods in developing countries. Integration with other health outreach programs, effective management, keeping training of agents brief and letting them distribute contraceptives and keeping all or part of the profits instead of paying them salaries are some of the strategies that can make CBD programs more efficient.
journal_name
Contraceptionjournal_title
Contraceptionauthors
Prata N,Vahidnia F,Potts M,Dries-Daffner Idoi
10.1016/j.contraception.2005.06.059subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-12-01 00:00:00pages
402-7issue
6eissn
0010-7824issn
1879-0518pii
S0010-7824(05)00258-1journal_volume
72pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
CONTRACEPTION文献大全abstract::In this open-label, randomized study we compared the influence of a new oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (EE + DRSP = Yasmin), with a reference preparation containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol and 150 microg desogestrel (EE + DSG = Marvelon) on the lipid profile. The prim...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2003.11.003
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:There is concern that a new transdermal contraceptive patch containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) and the progestin norelgestromin increases the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to previously marketed oral contraceptives (OCs). OBJECTIVE:Quantitative information was obtained on the risk of nonfatal V...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.01.001
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In one of the first longitudinal studies of 163 non-Caucasian women, comprehensive coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function tests were performed before and during 24 months of oral contraceptive pill usage containing 50 microgram estrogen. Results of this ongoing study indicate a state of abnormal coagulability...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(80)90015-3
更新日期:1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The exact role of apoptosis that occurs in human placenta during the early stage of pregnancy remains unknown because of the difficulty in obtaining the intact implantation site. In this study, we used rhesus monkey as an animal model to examine apoptosis occurring in the implantation site at various stages of early p...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00241-4
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The contraceptive efficacy of breastfeeding was assessed in 236 healthy urban women who were followed at monthly intervals during the first postpartum year. Proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the influence of time postpartum, menstrual status and breastfeeding pattern upon the risk of pregnancy. Time and...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(91)90072-n
更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adult female rats were given a single, subcutaneous injection of 8, 16 or 32 micrograms of levonorgestrel (LNG). Blood samples were collected at various time intervals and serum concentrations of LNG were determined by radioimmunoassay. The patterns of temporal decline in LNG concentrations in the three dose groups in...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(84)90009-x
更新日期:1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism of copper in limiting intrauterine infections in intrauterine device (Cu IUD) users is poorly understood. Copper ions may enhance the release of reactive oxygen radicals, which in turn decrease the release of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). RNI are known to have bactericidal effect. The present st...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(97)00037-1
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 28-year-old woman presented with a malpositioned intrauterine device (IUD) that was fragmented and significantly entrenched within the cervical canal and myometrium. IUD malposition with concomitant device fragmentation and embedded segments, albeit rare, should be a consideration given the device's prevalence. ...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.08.010
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of consecutively injecting a one-a-month contraceptive (norethisterone enantate 50 mg with estradiol valerate 5 mg) for one year on haematological parameters was evaluated in 42 Chinese women. The healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to either the treatment group (22) or a control group (20). Blood sa...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(90)90052-w
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Progestins delivered by a variety of routes have been demonstrated, in addition to their high contraceptive effect, to have substantial benefits in the treatment of various gynecological disorders, and the intrauterine route has particular efficacy in treating endometrial and myometrial disorders. It should be ...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.013
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The relationship between the source of sexual information and adolescent sexual behavior is not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS:As part of a larger study, 892 sexually active female adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age completed a paper-and-pencil survey which assessed discussions about sexua...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.014
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Researchers, health care providers, women's health advocates, donors, and representatives of ministries of health convened in Bellagio, Italy, in July 1998, to assess the potential of medical methods of early pregnancy termination to improve the reproductive health of women in developing countries. Consensus was reac...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00109-7
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an open, single-group, phase III clinical trial of 5 years, the clinical performance of NOVA T 380 was investigated in three centers. The device having a higher copper surface of 380 mm(2) is a modification of NOVA T. A total of 400 voluntary women were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 31.4 years (SD 5.5) wi...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00385-2
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of the condom wall to maintain its integrity throughout sexual intercourse is critical to its role in halting the spread of major sexually transmissible pathogens including the human immunodeficiency virus. There are three principal in vitro performance tests applied to condoms: a test for freedom from hol...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(91)90045-h
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eleven normally menstruating women, who had earlier been immunized with NII beta-hCG vaccine but had no detectable anti-hCG antibody titres, were selected as controls for the hCG challenge test using 1000/2000 I.U. The test was repeated in five of them after a booster immunization, which raised antibody titres to 18-4...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(91)90035-e
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fear of adverse effects on subsequent fertility following reversible contraceptive use is an important concern for some women. STUDY DESIGN:We undertook a comprehensive and objective review of the literature for prospective studies reporting pregnancy rates in women following contraceptive cessation. One-ye...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.002
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacology and clinical assessment of existing first generation once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives, mainly Deladroxate and Chinese Injectable No. 1, are reviewed. Although these two types of monthly injectables have been used in some million women in China and Latin America, Deladroxate needs indept...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The separate effect of ethinylestradiol (4 micrograms/kg b.w./day) and d-norgestrel (20 micrograms/kg b.w./day) on the fibrinolytic activity in plasma and in vessel walls of the hind leg was investigated in an experimental study on rats. No hormonal effect on the fibrinolytic activity in plasma was registered. However...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(84)90101-x
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of vaginally and orally administered misoprostol on the local cervical inflammatory response. METHODS:Healthy women with a normal intrauterine pregnancy between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation presenting for an elective termination of pregnancy by...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.02.012
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients taking anticonvulsants such as phenobarbitone, phenytoin and carbamazepine together with their oral contraceptive steroid may suffer contraceptive failure because of the enzyme-inducing properties of these anticonvulsants. We have examined, in six women, the effect of sodium valproate, an effective broad spec...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90028-4
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A placebo-controlled, double-blind study was carried out to assess the direct hormonal effects of combined and progestogen-only oral contraceptives on well-being and sexuality of women in two contrasting cultures. One-hundred-fifty women, who had been sterilised or whose partners had been vasectomised, were recruited ...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(95)00226-x
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether mental illness and substance use disorder (SUD) are associated with having a prescription contraceptive method among women veterans. STUDY DESIGN:We conducted a retrospective analysis of National Veterans Administration (VA) administrative and clinical data for women veterans aged 18-4...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.02.028
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Steady progress in contraception research has been achieved over the past 50 years. Hormonal and nonhormonal modern contraceptives have improved women's lives by reducing different health conditions that contributed to considerable morbidity. However, the contraceptives available today are not suitable to all users, a...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.002
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Experimental evidences suggest that metabolic activation and conversion of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) to reactive species are responsible for their genotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of low-dose (LD) OCPs on the activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes glutath...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.07.026
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an open study the acceptability of a newly designed vaginal ring was evaluated. The ring, being developed for contraceptive purposes, was made of Silastic and did not contain any medication. Three groups of 10 healthy female volunteers were selected after informed consent. The 6 nulliparous and 24 parous women were...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(90)90103-3
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Combined oral contraceptive (COC) formulations with 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) have a greater incidence of ovarian hormone production and follicular development, which can be managed by shortening the number of hormone-free days per COC cycle. This study evaluates differences in follicular development dur...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.005
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Levels of contraceptive steroids in breast milk and plasma of lactating women were investigated. 7 lactating women received 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 1 week after delivery. 5 women (lactating) took 350 mcg norethisterone (NET) and 2 took 150 mcg d-norgestrel (d-ng) + 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol. Milk an...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(77)90061-0
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cyclofem is a combined injectable contraceptive, containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and estradiol cypionate. The objective was to characterize the steady-state pharmacokinetics (PK) using tandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and compare these data to a previous PK study of this formulatio...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.11.010
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seventy women with prolactinomas, age 19-38 years, were studied in order to evaluate a possible relationship between the use of steroidal oral contraceptives (o.c.) and the development of prolactin-producing adenomas. Sixty-seven patients were admitted for investigation because of menstrual bleeding disturbances and t...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(83)90057-4
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Norethisterone oenanthate (NET OEN) was extensively hydrolysed in rabbit, rat and guinea pig plasma (99.9%, 76.1% and 46.0% hydrolysed in 90 min, respectively). In contrast, there was negligible hydrolysis (less than 2.5%) in dog, goat and human plasma. Rabbit liver, kidney, gut wall, stomach, heart and muscle showed ...
journal_title:Contraception
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0010-7824(81)90098-6
更新日期:1981-02-01 00:00:00