Abstract：
:Many neurons release a variety of amino acids in response to depolarizing stimuli. Although some of these amino acids, namely, glutamate, aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), have been qualified as neurotransmitters, functional roles of the other amino acids including alanine remain obscure. We investigated the mechanism and the origin of alanine release from cultured rat cerebellar cells. High-K(+)-induced depolarization produced a considerable amount (139+/-8 pmol/2 min/dish) of alanine release, comparable to that of glutamate (103+/-7 pmol/2 min/dish). Other depolarizing agents including veratridine or 4-aminopyridine also induced alanine release, suggesting that the major source is excitable neurons, rather than non-excitable glial cells. Depolarization-evoked alanine release was suppressed in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+), and was almost abolished by treating the cells with botulinum type B neurotoxin (BoNT/B), indicating that alanine is released by Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2)-containing vesicles. The properties of alanine release were different from those of glutamate and GABA in several aspects: (a) Depolarization-dependent alanine release appeared as early as 7 days in vitro, much earlier than that of GABA. (b) Fifty microM kainate, which causes selective cell death of GABAergic neurons in the culture, only partially reduced alanine release, whereas it had no effect on glutamate release. (c) Alanine release was not affected by phorbol ester, which enhanced glutamate and GABA release in a kinase-dependent manner. We therefore conclude that alanine release occurs via exocytosis of a pool of synaptic vesicles distinct from those containing glutamate or GABA.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Koga T,Kozaki S,Takahashi Mdoi
10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03253-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-10-18 00:00:00pages
282-9issue
2eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006899302032535journal_volume
952pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, responses of single neurons in ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) to noxious visceral (colorectal distension, CRD) and cutaneous stimulation were recorded. Of 71 neurons identified on the basis of spontaneous activity, 44 responded to CRD. CRD caused inhibition of neuronal activity ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)01200-2
更新日期：1995-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Progestin-concentrating neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus that project to the midbrain in the female rat were identified using the combined steroid hormone autoradiography-retrograde axonal tracing technique. Progesterone target neurons were most abundant in the periventricular preoptic area and the medial...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)91545-r
更新日期：1990-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies suggest that brainstem catecholamine (CA) fibers which mediate amphetamine (AMPH)-induced anorexia ascend through the midlateral medical forebrain bundle and perifornical region and terminate in the perifornical hypothalamic region (PFH) at the level of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. Through s...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(84)90085-4
更新日期：1984-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Morphological changes in neocortical somatostatin- and neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive cells in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) were studied using light-microscopic immunohistochemical methods. The density of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the neocortex did not decrease in cases of SDAT compared with ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)91099-1
更新日期：1986-04-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Male rats were dehydrated for 22 h and then given 4 h intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions which commenced 2 h prior to the beginning of a 2-h fluid access period. I.c.v. infusion of iso-osmotic 0.27 M mannitol-CSF more than halved the amount of water normally drunk by dehydrated rats during the fluid access per...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)91437-5
更新日期：1987-05-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous work has demonstrated that the GABAergic system is involved in sexual differentiation of the rodent hypothalamus. The present study was designed to further examine this involvement by investigating developmental sex differences in GAD(65) protein levels in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain regions know...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03167-5
更新日期：2001-12-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Perinatal overfeeding is a risk factor for overweight and diabetes during life. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. The peptide galanin is suggested to stimulate food intake by acting within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN). In early postnatally overfed rats overweight and hyperinsuline...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01264-5
更新日期：1999-02-06 00:00:00
abstract：:We assessed the effects of simulated weightlessness, hindlimb unloading (HU) by 7 days of tail suspension, on noxious mechanically and heat evoked spinal withdrawal reflexes and spinal Fos expression during muscle nociception elicited by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of hypertonic (HT; 5.8%) saline into gastrocnemius...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.022
更新日期：2015-01-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of functional and anatomical overlap between two major neuronal subpopulations in the rostral ventrolateral medulla: pre-sympathetic (sympathoexcitatory) neurons, and expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex. Extracellular recordings were made with dye-filled micr...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)00814-7
更新日期：1995-11-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of an adrenergic projection from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) to the parabrachial nucleus (PB) was demonstrated by the immunocytochemistry combined with a retrograde tracing method. Numerous neurons containing both phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, a marker for adrenaline, and wheat g...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(88)90654-3
更新日期：1988-09-06 00:00:00
abstract：:A quantitative freeze-fracture study of perivascular astrocytic processes in rat cerebral cortex disclosed rapid disintegration of orthogonal arrays of the intramembrane particles in acute global ischemia. The process apparently preceded the development of astrocytic swelling. ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(84)91348-9
更新日期：1984-05-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) may cause sustained systemic hypertension by increasing sympathetic neural discharge (SND). We hypothesized that CIH alters brainstem circuits modulating SND. After 30 days of CIH exposure in rats, increased c-fos labeling was seen in the nucleus of the solitary tract and ventrolater...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01222-0
更新日期：1999-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of aging on the properties of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the forebrain of female NMRI mice was investigated using the antagonist [3H]MK-801 as radioligand. Compared to young (3 months) mice, aged (20 months) mice showed changes of the properties of the NMDA receptor at three different levels: ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(92)90892-d
更新日期：1992-07-03 00:00:00
abstract：:While moderate calorie restriction (CR) in the absence of malnutrition has been consistently shown to have a systemic, beneficial effect against aging in several animals models, its effect on the brain microstructure in a non-human primate model remains to be studied using post-mortem histopathologic techniques. In th...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.046
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Triiodothyronine (T3) plays an important role during development of the central nervous system. T3 effects on gene expression are determined in part by the type of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) expressed in a given cell type. Previous studies have demonstrated that thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) transcription i...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.042
更新日期：2009-12-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) modulates neurogenesis, neuronal function, neuronal survival and metabolism, enhancing mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Glucose deprivation and hypometabolism have been implicated in the mechanisms that mediate neuronal damage in neurological disorders, and some studies have shown that t...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.014
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been suggested that thiolic groups are essential for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and other respiratory mitochondrial enzymes. Recent experiments showed that the thiolic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can protect against age-related impairment in COX activity in mice hepatic mitochondria. The present...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01819-3
更新日期：1999-09-18 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, seizures in the dentate gyrus were triggered by 2 Hz electrical stimulation while, at the same time, serial changes in paired-pulse depression was measured in free-moving rats. The perforant path was stimulated by paired pulses 25 ms apart and recordings were made in the dentate gyrus. We also observed ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01118-9
更新日期：1997-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study examines age-related changes in the subcellular localization of cathepsin B (cath B) and cathepsin D (cath D), as well as morphological features of the cathepsin-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in rat cerebral cortex. Sprague-Dawley rats were studied at 3 and 26 months. By immunoelectron microscopy cath ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01888-0
更新日期：1999-10-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Our previous studies have demonstrated that a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides ( BBG ) applied to Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells markedly increased the degree and rate of neurite formation. In the present study, the cytoskeletal basis for BBG -mediated neurite outgrowth was investigated by comparing cells grown in t...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-3806(84)90075-0
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intoxication with organophosphorus (0P) anticholinesterase agents such as soman triggers irreversible lesions in some cerebral areas. Administration of soman at the LD 50 leads to an increased activity of NADPH-diaphorase (= NO-synthase) in the cerebral endothelial cells from the 6th hour after poisoning. This activit...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)91296-3
更新日期：1994-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Microinjection of apomorphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of male rats was previously shown to delay the onset of copulation and slow its rate, presumably by stimulating impulse-regulating autoreceptors on cell bodies of the A10 mesocorticolimbic dopamine tract. Such stimulation would be expected to slow the...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)90173-s
更新日期：1991-07-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The compound m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) is used clinically to manipulate serotonergic function, though its precise mechanisms of actions are not well understood. m-CPP alters synaptic transmission and neuronal function in vertebrates by non-selective agonistic actions on 5-HT(1) and 5-HT(2) receptors. In this st...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02271-6
更新日期：2003-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:We have previously described a rodent model of brief (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, in which infarction develops gradually, reaching completion more than 3 days after ischemia, accompanied by morphological, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence of apoptosis. In the present study...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02822-0
更新日期：2001-11-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging (EP-MRI), which is novel variant of MRI, is thought to have antidepressant properties in humans and animal models. Using the forced swimming test (FST), we investigated which monoaminergic system in mice is affected by EP-MRI. The short- and long-term effects of EP-MRI on immobil...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.011
更新日期：2008-10-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth cones integrate a remarkably complex concert of chemical cues to guide axons to their appropriate destinations. Recent work suggests that integrins contribute to axon guidance by interacting with a wide range of extracellular molecules including axon guidance molecules, by mechanisms that are not fully understo...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.045
更新日期：2013-11-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits was studied in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of chicks and pigeons. GluR1, GluR2, GluR3 and GluR4 subunits appeared to be present in EW neurons of both species, but interspecific differences were observed in the abundance of the different types of su...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02919-0
更新日期：2002-08-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by upper and lower motor neuron death with ascending paralysis leading to death. In a transgenic mouse model of ALS (SOD1-G93A) weakness appears at 3 months of age, and because of progressive paralysis leads to death by 5 months. Cyclospo...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02012-1
更新日期：2001-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured in the rat retina by radioimmunoassay during prenatal and postnatal development. SLI-containing cells were visualized by immunocytochemistry throughout this time period. SLI is present as early as embryonic day 15 (E15) and by E16 at concentrations 10-fo...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-3806(87)90209-4
更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The response of neurons in the preoptic and adjacent regions of the brain to intracarotid injection of hyperosmotic solutions was studied in 22 anesthetized cats. NaCl (0.5 M) caused a brisk acceleration of frequency lasting over 100 s in 120 of 207 units (58%). Glucose (2 M) and sucrose (2 M) had similar but smaller ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)91026-1
更新日期：1985-10-21 00:00:00
