New genome-wide methods bring more power to yeast as a model organism.

abstract：:Mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPKs, also called extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)] are constituents of numerous signal transduction pathways, and are activated by protein kinase cascades. Intense efforts are under way to develop and evaluate compounds that target components of MAPK pathways. In this ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： English JM,Cobb MH

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Drugs that cause liver injury often 'stress' mitochondria and activate signal transduction pathways important in determining cell survival or death. In most cases, hepatocytes adapt to the drug-induced stress by activating adaptive signaling pathways, such as mitochondrial adaptive responses and nuclear factor erythro...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Han D,Dara L,Win S,Than TA,Yuan L,Abbasi SQ,Liu ZX,Kaplowitz N

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The phospholipase A2 enzymes are important components of the cellular machinery that responds to inflammatory stimuli and maintains cell homeostasis by membrane remodelling. Their role as the rate-limiting step in the production of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators makes these enzymes an important therapeutic target fo...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Glaser KB,Mobilio D,Chang JY,Senko N

更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oxycodone is a semisynthetic opioid analgesic that is increasingly used for the treatment of acute, cancer, and chronic non-malignant pain. Oxycodone was synthesized in 1917 but its pharmacological properties were not thoroughly studied until recently. Oxycodone is a fairly selective μ-opioid receptor agonist, but the...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Olkkola KT,Kontinen VK,Saari TI,Kalso EA

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An unlikely animal model is gaining popularity in neuropharmacological research: the 2-mm fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Drugs have been administered to adult flies in their food and, more recently, via gasses and injections. Pharmacological tools have introduced behavioral alterations in Drosophila reminiscent ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Manev H,Dimitrijevic N,Dzitoyeva S

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Discoidin (DS) domains are found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic extracellular and transmembrane multidomain proteins. These small domains play different functional roles and can interact with phospholipids, glycans, and proteins, including collagens. DS domain-containing proteins are often involved in cellular adhesion...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Villoutreix BO,Miteva MA

更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Opioid receptors are expressed on peripheral sensory nerve endings, cutaneous cells, and immune cells; and local application of opioids is used for the treatment of inflammatory pain in arthritis, burns, skin grafts, and chronic wounds. However, peripherally active opioids can also directly modulate the inflammatory p...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Stein C,Küchler S

更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of T cells vitally influence Ca2+-dependent signals that lead ultimately to cytokine secretion, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Conventional models depict the Ca2+ inrush across the T-cell membrane following T-cell receptor engagement as being due to Ca2+-release-activated Ca...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Kotturi MF,Hunt SV,Jefferies WA

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposing the heart to brief episodes of ischaemia protects the myocardium and vascular endothelial cells against functional damage and cell death caused by subsequent prolonged ischaemia. Elucidation of the mechanisms that are involved in this phenomenon known as 'ischaemic preconditioning' and identification of drugs...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Rubino A,Yellon DM

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genotoxicity of the most potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)] is dependent on the relationship between its activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes and its detoxification by carbonyl reduction to NNK alcohol (NNAL) followed by glucuronidation. Recently, '11 beta-...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Maser E

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The melanocortin receptors are a subfamily of G-protein-coupled, rhodopsin-like receptors that are rapidly being acknowledged as an extremely promising target for pharmacological intervention in a variety of different inflammatory pathologies, including stroke. Stroke continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Holloway PM,Smith HK,Renshaw D,Flower RJ,Getting SJ,Gavins FN

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Daily rhythms in behavior, physiology, and metabolism are an integral part of homeostasis. These rhythms emerge from interactions between endogenous circadian clocks and ambient light-dark cycles, sleep-activity cycles, and eating-fasting cycles. Nearly the entire primate genome shows daily rhythms in expression in ti...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Sulli G,Manoogian ENC,Taub PR,Panda S

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cannabis (marijuana) is not only a frequently abused drug but also has the potential for the development of useful agents for the treatment of emesis, anorexia and multiple sclerosis. In this article, the effects of modulation of transmitter release by cannabinoids in both the CNS and the PNS of various species, inclu...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Schlicker E,Kathmann M

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays crucial roles in several cellular processes such as cell proliferation and survival, and has been found to be aberrantly activated in many cancers. Much research has explored the leading mechanisms for regulating the STAT3 pathway and its role in promoti...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Zhao C,Li H,Lin HJ,Yang S,Lin J,Liang G

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The translocator protein (TSPO), an 18-kDa transmembrane protein primarily found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, is evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed across species. In mammals, TSPO has been described as a key member of a multiprotein complex involved in many putative functions and, over the years,...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Lacapere JJ,Duma L,Finet S,Kassiou M,Papadopoulos V

更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many diseases result from defects in cell signaling. Achieving an in-depth understanding of the complex mechanisms by which cells transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses in both normal and diseased systems is a crucial step in the discovery of more effective drugs to treat human diseases. Traditional a...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Koller E,Gaarde WA,Monia BP

更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insect nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors are molecular targets of insecticides such as neonicotinoids that are used to control disease-carrying insects and agricultural pests. To date, several insect nACh receptor subunits have been identified, indicating different nACh receptor subtypes and pharmacological pro...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Thany SH,Lenaers G,Raymond-Delpech V,Sattelle DB,Lapied B

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuromodulin is a neurospecific calmodulin binding protein that is implicated in neurite extension, axonal elongation and long-term potentiation. Yuechueng Liu and Daniel Storm propose that neuromodulin binds and concentrates calmodulin on growth cone membranes and that stimulation of protein kinase C releases high lo...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Liu YC,Storm DR

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene. This Science & Society article focuses on pharmacological strategies that attack RTT treatment from multiple angles, including drug repurposing and de novo discovery efforts, and discusses the imp...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Gogliotti RG,Niswender CM

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this Opinion is to present a case for targeting sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) in autoimmune/inflammatory disease. Data obtained using Sphk2-/- mice suggest that SK2 is an anti-inflammatory enzyme, although this might be misleading because of a compensatory increase in the expression of a second isoform, sp...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Pyne NJ,Adams DR,Pyne S

更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pharmacologists have studied receptors for more than a century but a molecular understanding of their properties has emerged only during the past 30-35 years. In this article, I provide a personal retrospective of how developments and discoveries primarily during the 1970s and 1980s led to current concepts about the l...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recruitment of leukocytes either during development or to the site of injury is crucial. The molecular regulation of cell trafficking is complex but well orchestrated by the temporal and spatial expression of a multitude of chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) and chemokine receptors. The chemokines, classified prim...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Devalaraja MN,Richmond A

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of proteins involved in protein folding and maturation whose expression is induced by heat shock or other stressors. The major groups are classified based on their molecular weights and include HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and large HSPs. HSPs play a significa...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Wu J,Liu T,Rios Z,Mei Q,Lin X,Cao S

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The characterization of P2 gamma purinoceptors on vascular endothelial cells has progressed rapidly since their existence was first demonstrated in 1983. They transduce the actions of extracellular ATP and ADP--endothelium-dependent relaxation, prostacyclin synthesis, endothelial cell mitogenesis--which play a vital r...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Boeynaems JM,Pearson JD

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in almost every (patho)physiological process, which explains their importance as drug targets. GPCRs have long been regarded as on/off-switches, which is reflected by direct activation or blockade of these receptors through the majority of marketed GPCR drugs. In recent...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Bock A,Kostenis E,Tränkle C,Lohse MJ,Mohr K

更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypertension is prevalent and affects approximately 1 in every 4 adults in the Western world. Although many drugs are effective in treating hypertension, an individual's response to treatment is unpredictable. Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of becoming a tool to predict this response but obstacles and shortcomings...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Kurland L,Lind L,Melhus H

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pursuit for drugs that inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has been an intense area of research for more than 15 years. The first-generation inhibitors, Flavopiridol and CY-202, are in late-stage clinical trials, but so far have demonstrated only modest activity. Several second-generation inhibitors are now in...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Malumbres M,Pevarello P,Barbacid M,Bischoff JR

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Therapeutic targeting of the processes that regulate histone modification is a growing area of scientific exploration. Although most interest has concentrated on the various families of enzymes that contribute to these processes, this review focuses on emerging data demonstrating the chemical tractability and therapeu...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Prinjha RK,Witherington J,Lee K

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:cGMP inhibits hypertrophy, decreases fibrosis, and protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Gene-targeting studies have not defined a clear role for its major downstream effector, cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI), in cardiac hypertrophy, but do implicate cGMP-cGKI signaling in fibrosis and I/R...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Lukowski R,Krieg T,Rybalkin SD,Beavo J,Hofmann F

更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitination is a highly conserved post-translational modification that regulates protein trafficking, function, and turnover. Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) conjugate ubiquitin polypeptides on substrates, whereas deubiquitnases (DUBs) reverse ubiquitination. Engineering of chemical antagonists and inhibitors of ubiquitin ...

journal_title：Trends in pharmacological sciences

authors： Lill JR,Wertz IE

更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00