Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Advances in the biological sciences and technology are providing molecular targets for diagnosing and treating cancer. Current classifications in surgical pathology for staging malignancies are based primarily on anatomic features (e.g., tumor-node-metastasis) and histopathology (e.g., grade). Microarrays together with clustering algorithms are revealing a molecular diversity among cancers that promises to form a new taxonomy with prognostic and, more importantly, therapeutic significance. The challenge for pathology will be the development and implementation of these molecular classifications for routine clinical practice. APPROACH:This article discusses the benefits, challenges, and possibilities for solid-tumor profiling in the clinical laboratory with an emphasis on DNA-based PCR techniques. CONTENT:Molecular markers can be used to provide accurate prognosis and to predict response, resistance, or toxicity to therapy. The diversity of genomic alterations involved in malignancy necessitates a variety of assays for complete tumor profiling. Some new molecular classifications of tumors are based on gene expression, requiring a paradigm shift in specimen processing to preserve the integrity of RNA for analysis. More stable markers (i.e., DNA and protein) are readily handled in the clinical laboratory. Quantitative real-time PCR can determine gene duplications or deletions. Furthermore, melting curve analysis immediately after PCR can identify small mutations, down to single base changes. These techniques are becoming easier and faster and can be multiplexed. Real-time PCR methods are a favorable option for the analysis of cancer markers. SUMMARY:There is a need to translate recent discoveries in oncology research into clinical practice. This requires objective, robust, and cost-effective molecular techniques for clinical trials and, eventually, routine use. Real-time PCR has attractive features for tumor profiling in the clinical laboratory.
journal_name
Clin Chemjournal_title
Clinical chemistryauthors
Bernard PS,Wittwer CTsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-08-01 00:00:00pages
1178-85issue
8eissn
0009-9147issn
1530-8561journal_volume
48pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a component of two major classes of plasma lipoproteins, apo B- (apo E-LpB) and non-apo B-containing (apo E-Lp-non-B) lipoproteins. The factors that affect total apo E in particles [lipoprotein E (LpE), apo E-Lp-non-B, and apo E-LpB], are incompletely characterized. METHODS:We stud...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two-dimensional protein maps of biopsies from normal mucosa, tubular adenomas (polyps), and colonic carcinomas in humans have been studied in order to obtain information on the possible precancerous role of intestinal polyps. The maps are complex and several hundred protein spots are seen after staining with Coomassie...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have developed a simple, specific, and sensitive reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic method for accurate and simultaneous analysis of corticosterone and cortisol in human plasma. We achieved a detection limit of 300 ng/L for both steroids by modifying the old solid-phase extraction method to make use of "Tef Elut...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To obtain the best estimates of the average intraindividual biological variability (CVb) in the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and triglyceride serum lipids in a person's blood, we evaluated results from 30 studies publ...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toxicological determinations are crucial to coroners' or medical examiners' judgments that drugs are significantly involved in a death. However, differences in laboratory procedures, thoroughness of screening, and limits of detection may result in artifactual differences in the toxicological results and the subsequent...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Imferon (Merrell-National), an iron-dextran complex, is widely used in patients with iron deficiency. It is present in the circulation in appreciable amounts for two to three weeks after administration and interferes with all tested colorimetric iron assays, both with and without deproteinization. The amount of the pl...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We recently proposed a quantitative PCR procedure for the absolute measurement of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification, based on the simultaneous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the target gene and of a competitor DNA molecule acting as internal standard. To increase the number of assayable oncogenes and t...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With use of a specially designed gradient-generating system, of anion-exchange resins of 10-20 mum particle diameter, and of an orcinol solution in concentrated sulfuric acid (1 g/liter) as detection reagent, a mixture of 16 carbohydrates can be separated in less than 4 h. The limit of detection for most sugars is in ...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In response to the pressures of cost reduction, we established and evaluated a carefully integrated program to deliver clinical laboratory services more promptly and efficiently to the intensive care units (ICUs). The new protocol reduced the steps and turnaround time from ordering tests by physicians to reporting res...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) is flawed for prostate cancer (PCa) detection. [-2]proprostate-specific antigen (p2PSA), a molecular isoform of free PSA (fPSA), shows higher specificity compared with tPSA or percentage of free PSA (%fPSA). The prostate health index (Phi), a measure based on p2PSA and ...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1373/clinchem.2012.195784
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We evaluated the completeness of reporting of diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) systematic reviews using the recently developed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA)-DTA guidelines. METHODS:MEDLINE® was searched for DTA systematic reviews published October 2017 to January 2...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1373/clinchem.2018.292987
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using 123 specimens, we compared the concordance of three different methods for determining glycohemoglobin (GHb): the Diamat (Bio-Rad Laboratories), an automated analyzer measuring HbA1c by cation-exchange chromatography; an assay with the IMx analyzer (Abbott Laboratories), based on boronate affinity binding; and an...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This improved assay of rheumatoid factors in serum, described here for use with the Baker "Encore" centrifugal analyzer, is efficient, with 250-sample throughput per hour; reproducible, with between-batch CV = 5% and within-batch CV = 2% (mid-assay range); and results correlate well (r = 0.9) with those by other metho...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Institutions face increasing charges related to molecular genetic testing for neurological diseases. The literature contains little information on the utilization and performance of these tests. METHODS:A retrospective utilization review was performed to determine the diagnostic yield of neurogenetic tests ...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1373/clinchem.2006.083360
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We measured advanced glycosylation end products in the mesenteric artery of 37 patients (ages 29-82 years), 34 of whom were nondiabetic. Samples of arterial tissue were obtained during bowel resectioning. Advanced glycosylation end products were measured as collagen-linked fluorescence (excitation wavelength 370 nm, e...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Haptoglobin is a hemoglobin-binding protein expressed by a genetic polymorphism as three major phenotypes: 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2. Most attention has been paid to determining haptoglobin phenotype as a genetic fingerprint used in forensic medicine. More recently, several functional differences between haptoglobin phenotype...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Market forces have dramatically influenced the environment in which healthcare is delivered, but these changes do not need to be interpreted negatively by community laboratorians. Only total vertical integration of laboratory medicine can control episode-of-care cost. Opportunities also exist for horizontal integratio...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Multiple genes that are associated with the risk of developing diabetes or the risk of diabetes complications have been identified by candidate gene analysis and genomewide scanning. These molecular markers, together with clinical data and findings from proteomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenetics, and other m...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1373/clinchem.2010.156901
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The coexistence of hypertension and dyslipidemia synergistically increases the risk of cardiovascular events. We investigated the effect of the lipid-lowering agent micronized fenofibrate on inhibition of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension and mild hyperlipidemia. METHODS:We mea...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1373/clinchem.2006.074724
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We present an improved fructosamine assay for use with the Technicon RA-1000 analyzer. Features of this assay include: specimen throughput of 100 per hour, within-batch CV of 1.5%, between-batch CV of 2.4%, standard curve linear up to 24.9 mmol of fructosamine per liter, and good correlation (r = 0.82) with hemoglobin...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We evaluated the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay ("EMIT") of serum thyroxine with use of an ABA- 100 Bichromatic Analyzer, modified with an auxiliary dispenser syringe and a dual probe assembly. The modification allows two reagents to be dispensed at one time. The sera must be pre-treated with 0.1 mol/liter NaOH. The p...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We compared five ion-selective electrodes (ISEs; AVL 985S, Baxter Lytening 2Z, Beckman EL-ISE, Ciba-Corning 654 Na/K/Li, and Nova CRT 11) and a colorimetric method (Ektachem) for determination of lithium with flame atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy. We evaluated precision, recovery, interference by dr...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Increased plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations have been reported to be an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in some prospective studies, but not in others. These inconsistencies may relate to a lack of standardization and the failure of some immunoassays to measure all apolipo...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antiserum performance in a nephelometric system can be characterized by parameters derived from measuring reaction rates. The characterization process is derived from a series of dose-response curves (elicited nephelometric response vs antigen concentration) generated from various dilutions of the antiserum being test...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A simple, precise, and rapid method to measure plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was developed by use of solvent extraction--flow-injection analysis. The reagent solution, containing thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 5 g/L in 100 mL/L phosphoric acid, and extraction solvent (methylisobutyl ketone, MIBK) were propelled with a doub...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Current noninvasive assays for urothelial carcinoma (UC) lack clinical sensitivity and specificity. Given the utility of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) biomarkers, the development of urinary cfDNA biomarkers may improve the diagnostic sensitivity. METHODS:We assessed copy number alterations (CNAs) by shallow ...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1373/clinchem.2019.309633
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report here the development of a new method that allows continuous determination of the oxygen dissociation curve for microsamples (600 mul) of whole blood under conditions of pH, pCO2, methemoglobin concentration, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content closely approaching those found in the circulatory system. The met...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To clarify whether manganese nutritional status is better reflected by the manganese concentration in lymphocytes or in whole blood, we injected manganese solutions intravenously into manganese-deficient rats and determined manganese concentrations in lymphocytes, whole blood, and various tissues. The manganese concen...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It has been shown that a high percentage of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in blood is cell associated. Recently, a simple method for determination of cell-associated IL-8 in whole blood after cell lysis has been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this method, to examine the influence of preanalytic ...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We used enzyme immunoassay to measure apolipoprotein B concentration in human plasma. Pure lipoprotein B was isolated from serum samples of fasting normolipidemic subjects by sequential preparative ultracentrifugation and coated to a polystyrene tube surface by adsorption. Human serum samples and rabbit antiserum to h...
journal_title：Clinical chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-03-01 00:00:00
