Fluoride and the skeleton.

abstract：:Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely used as an index of liver dysfunction and marker of alcohol intake. The last few years have seen improvements in these areas and advances in understanding of its physiological role in counteracting oxidative stress by breaking down extracellular glutathione and ma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Whitfield JB

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrone sulfate (E1S) is the most abundant circulating estrogen and it has the potential to be used as a biomarker in certain conditions where estimation of low levels of estrogen or changes in relative levels of estrogens are important. This review will critically consider the role of estimating E1S for clinical labo...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Rezvanpour A,Don-Wauchope AC

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The CK-BB isoenzyme is ubiquitous in neoplastic tissue, but with low activity. Accordingly, it might be a nonspecific and insensitive tumor marker. Evaluation of BB isoenzyme in serum might indicate the extent of diseases or the response to therapy. The presence of CK-MB in patients with cancers may cause confusion wi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Tsung JS

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Maximum stability of analytes in chemistry control materials is desired. Stability testing is customarily performed by manufacturers, both prior to distribution of products and during the period following distribution when the products are in the field. Users and evaluators of such materials periodically have reported...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Lawson NS,Haven GT,Williams GW

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The deoxyuridine suppression (dU) test, first described in 1964, has gained an important place both in the diagnosis of megaloblastic anemias and in the study of vitamin B12 folate interrelationships in the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia. The test measures the integrity of the de novo synthetic pathway of DNA sy...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Metz J

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The science of blood rheology (study of the flow and deformability of blood) is of increasing practical importance to the investigation of blood disorders. In diagnostic laboratories, rheological tests such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, zeta sedimentation ratio, and plasma viscosity are used to monitor patien...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Stuart J,Nash GB

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microcytic red blood cell states are common clinical problems in both adult and pediatric age groups. The recent widespread availability of electronic blood cell counters for performing routine blood counts has increased the detection of microcytic red blood cells. Physicians must workup both symptomatic and asymptoma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Marsh WL Jr,Koenig HM

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reviewed are the phosphorylation events reporting activation of protein kinases and the key substrates critical for the DNA damage signaling (DDS). These DDS events are detected immunocytochemically using phospho-specific Abs; flow cytometry or image-assisted cytometry provide the means to quantitatively assess them o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Darzynkiewicz Z,Zhao H,Halicka HD,Rybak P,Dobrucki J,Wlodkowic D

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infants with very low birthweights (less than 1250g) are immunocompromised and have immature hematopoietic systems. They require frequent blood transfusions and have an increased susceptibility to infection. These very low birthweight infants who lack passively acquired antibody against CMV, acquire transfusion-associ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Adler SP

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the pancreas, which might extend to local and distant extrapancreatic tissues. The global incidence varies between 17.5 and 73.4 cases per 100,000 and the pathogenesis recognizes alcohol exposure and biliary tract disease as the leading causes, ahead of post-end...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Lippi G,Valentino M,Cervellin G

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans, control a variety of functions involved in immune response and influence susceptibility to over 40 diseases. Theoretical studies in the development of models to determine the modes of inheritance of the HLA-ass...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Thomson G

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The coupling of hematologic data with radionuclide studies of the spleen has provided information as to the functioning of the organ in a variety of disease states. The major radionuclide studies have been presented in terms of the type of information derivable and the various conditions that can result in fairly simi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Spencer RP,Gupta SM

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cancer is a major and increasing public health problem worldwide. Traditionally, the diagnosis and staging of cancer, as well as the evaluation of response to therapy have been primarily based on morphology, with relatively few cancer biomarkers currently in use. Conventional biomarker studies have been focused on sin...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Feng Q,Yu M,Kiviat NB

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric plasma protein that mediates platelet adhesion as well as platelet aggregation at sites of vascular injury and acts as a carrier of factor VIII. Although acquired or inherited VWF deficiency is associated with a bleeding tendency, there is increasing evidence that VWF has a ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Franchini M,Lippi G

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of a G protein-coupled, calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) a decade ago and of diseases caused by CaR mutations provided unquestionable evidence of the CaR's critical role in the maintenance of systemic calcium homeostasis. On the cell membrane of the chief cells of the parathyroid glands, the CaR "senses" t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Tfelt-Hansen J,Brown EM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to the accumulation of hepatic steatosis not due to excess alcohol consumption. The prevalence of NAFLD is up to 30% in developed countries and nearly 10% in developing nations, making NAFLD the most common liver condition in the world. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is rela...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Smith BW,Adams LA

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Management of chronic diseases represents a leading health and economic issue worldwide. Biomarkers are critical for the diagnosis and management of both communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases, and mobile health (mHealth) technologies are about to change the "game" with regard to the management of patients...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Gruson D,Ko G

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sepsis is an unusual systemic reaction to what is sometimes an otherwise ordinary infection, and it probably represents a pattern of response by the immune system to injury. A hyper-inflammatory response is followed by an immunosuppressive phase during which multiple organ dysfunction is present and the patient is sus...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Faix JD

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Squamous carcinomas of the head and neck provide a useful model for analyzing patterns and mechanisms of tumor-associated bone destruction. Morphological studies show that a major part of the invasive process is mediated by local osteoclasts which erode bone in front of the advancing tumor. Functional studies indicate...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Carter RL

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin D has been attributed roles in the pathogenesis and prevention of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, autism and autoimmune diseases. The concomitant expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase and of the vitamin D3 receptor in animal and human tissu...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Delvin E,Souberbielle JC,Viard JP,Salle B

更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leptin is a 16-kDa cytokine secreted in humans primarily but not exclusively by adipose tissues. Its concentration in blood is usually proportional to body fat mass, but is higher in women than in men not only because of a different distribution of and greater fat mass in women, but also because testosterone reduces i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Himms-Hagen J

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of risk factors for atherogenesis has changed significantly over the last decade. In addition to better grasp of the mechanism of action of the "classic" (causal) risk factors, a number of potentially important new factors has emerged. In this review we briefly summarize the evidence of the relation ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Frohlich J,Dobiasova M,Lear S,Lee KW

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) comprises a group of inherited disorders of iron metabolism that can result in progressive iron overload, morbidity, and mortality, generally in adulthood. HFE-related HH is the most common type of HH and will form the core of this discussion. The discovery of new proteins and gene muta...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Ayonrinde OT,Milward EA,Chua AC,Trinder D,Olynyk JK

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteocalcin is a small (Mr 5800), very interesting bone specific protein, synthesized by osteoblasts and measured in plasma as a biochemical indicator of bone formation. Many immunoassays for osteocalcin have been developed, including radio- and enzymoimmunoassays, with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies....

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Power MJ,Fottrell PF

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited disorder in which the activity of the bone/liver/kidney or tissue nonspecific form of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is reduced. The clinical expression of the disease is highly variable, but in early life the severity tends to reflect the age of onset. Accordingly, the disease is ofte...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Caswell AM,Whyte MP,Russell RG

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. They play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Some of these genes are found to be altered in human cancers, i.e., mutated, amplified, deleted, translocated, or abnormally regulated. Recently, the ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Diamandis EP

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There have been numerous reports of spectrophotometric and volume problems caused by elevated levels of lipids in blood. The offending lipids, primarily triglycerides, not only cause turbidity leading to optical aberrations when added to analytical reagents, but also result in short-sampling errors leading to the meas...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Artiss JD,Zak B

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hemophilia care depends on several factors for the production of purified FVIII: plasma procurement, plasma logistics, production method, and efficacy. The latter two are restrictive factors, both for the supply and the safety of FVIII preparations. Conventional production methodology unavoidably recovers only 10 to 2...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Smit Sibinga CT

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is the major protein of fetal serum and most resembles albumen, which replaces it shortly after birth. It is produced by fetal liver and passes into the amniotic fluid (AF) via fetal urine. A small amount crosses the membranes into the maternal circulation. Excluding fetal blood contamination, ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Crandall BF

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This manuscript offers a broad overview of the state of emergency toxicology testing in clinical laboratories. We summarize the specific challenges of performing emergency toxicology testing, introduce a variety of currently used methods including mass spectrometry, and compare and contrast the utility of different ty...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Van Wijk XMR,Goodnough R,Colby JM

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00