Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Abstract:

:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to the accumulation of hepatic steatosis not due to excess alcohol consumption. The prevalence of NAFLD is up to 30% in developed countries and nearly 10% in developing nations, making NAFLD the most common liver condition in the world. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is related to insulin resistance and, thus, it is frequently found in individuals who have central obesity or diabetes. Insulin resistance and excess adiposity are associated with increased lipid influx into the liver and increased de novo hepatic lipogenesis, promoting hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Defects in lipid utilization via mitochondrial oxidation and lipid export may also contribute to hepatic lipid build-up. Adipocytokine alterations, lipotoxicity from saturated fatty acids and fructose have been all been implicated in causing hepatocyte injury in NAFLD through pathways involving oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Clinically, NAFLD is commonly asymptomatic and frequently detected incidentally by blood liver function tests or imaging performed for other reasons. Subjects with NAFLD have a higher mortality rate than the general population and are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes in the future. Histologically, NAFLD occurs as a spectrum from mild hepatic steatosis only, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by hepatocellular injury and inflammation, to cirrhosis. A diagnosis of NASH with associated fibrosis heralds a more significant prognosis as it is more likely to progressive to cirrhosis with complications of hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the diagnosis of NASH requires a liver biopsy, however, serum based markers of hepatocyte apoptosis such as cytokeratin-18 fragments offer promise as accurate non-invasive diagnostic tests. Treatment of NAFLD revolves around addressing concomitant metabolic risk factors and improving insulin resistance through weight loss measures and exercise. Insulin sensitizing agents such as pioglitazone and anti-oxidant agents such as vitamin E show some promise in improving liver histology in patients with NASH, however, the long-term benefit of these medications has not been demonstrated.

journal_name

Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci

authors

Smith BW,Adams LA

doi

10.3109/10408363.2011.596521

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2011-05-01 00:00:00

pages

97-113

issue

3

eissn

1040-8363

issn

1549-781X

journal_volume

48

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Control of vascular tone in the syndromes of Bartter and Gitelman.

    abstract::Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes can be used as models to gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for maintaining/controlling vascular tone. In fact, the study of patients with these syndromes provides important insights into mechanistic details of the most relevant pathways of vascular tone. So far, several ex...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408360091174295

    authors: Calò L,Davis PA,Semplicini A

    更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00

  • Intestinal bacteria and inflammatory bowel disease.

    abstract::Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two principal forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Animal studies show that bacteria are involved in the etiology of IBD, and much is now known about the inflammatory processes associated with CD and UC, as well as the underlying genetic, environmental, an...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408360802485792

    authors: Macfarlane S,Steed H,Macfarlane GT

    更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00

  • Alpha-fetoprotein: a review.

    abstract::Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is the major protein of fetal serum and most resembles albumen, which replaces it shortly after birth. It is produced by fetal liver and passes into the amniotic fluid (AF) via fetal urine. A small amount crosses the membranes into the maternal circulation. Excluding fetal blood contamination, ...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368109105870

    authors: Crandall BF

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00

  • Generation and application of data on biological variation in clinical chemistry.

    abstract::Most clinical chemical analytes vary in a random manner around a homeostatic set point. Replicate analyses of a series of specimens collected from a group of subjects allows estimation of analytical, within and between subject components of variation. The preferred experimental procedures and statistical methods for e...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368909106595

    authors: Fraser CG,Harris EK

    更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00

  • Exploring the role of programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1 in eye diseases.

    abstract::Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, as negative co-stimulatory molecules, are indispensable for regulating both physiological and pathological immune responses. The PD-1/PD-L1-mediated signaling pathway has been studied extensively in cancer research and has become a hotspot for biopharmaceutical...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408363.2018.1522292

    authors: Wang X,Wu M,Cao Y,Zhang Z,Guo F,Li X,Zhang Y

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in neoplastic disease.

    abstract::The CK-BB isoenzyme is ubiquitous in neoplastic tissue, but with low activity. Accordingly, it might be a nonspecific and insensitive tumor marker. Evaluation of BB isoenzyme in serum might indicate the extent of diseases or the response to therapy. The presence of CK-MB in patients with cancers may cause confusion wi...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368609165795

    authors: Tsung JS

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • Antiphospholipid antibodies: laboratory and pathogenetic aspects.

    abstract::Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) constitute a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that share the ability to bind phospholipids (PL) alone, protein-PL complexes, or PL-binding proteins. They have been detected in isolation, in association with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and durin...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408360601079549

    authors: Vlachoyiannopoulos PG,Samarkos M,Sikara M,Tsiligros P

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and the hallmarks of cancer.

    abstract::The kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent the largest family of serine proteases within the human genome and are expressed in various tissues. Although they regulate several important physiological functions, KLKs have also been implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Growing ev...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2016.1154643

    authors: Filippou PS,Karagiannis GS,Musrap N,Diamandis EP

    更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00

  • Urinary nucleosides in leukemia: laboratory and clinical applications.

    abstract::Urinary nucleosides offer a number of useful laboratory and clinical applications in the study and analysis of leukemia. There are significant differences in the excretion of modified nucleosides between normal individuals and individuals with various forms of leukemia, as well as between leukemia patients at opposite...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368609111597

    authors: Trewyn RW,Grever MR

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: new biochemical tests.

    abstract::Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. They play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Some of these genes are found to be altered in human cancers, i.e., mutated, amplified, deleted, translocated, or abnormally regulated. Recently, the ...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408369209114603

    authors: Diamandis EP

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Clinical use of laboratory tests for the identification of secondary forms of arterial hypertension.

    abstract::The prevalence of secondary hypertension can be underestimated if appropriate tests are not performed. The importance of selecting patients with a high pre-test probability of secondary forms of hypertension is first discussed. The laboratory tests currently used for seeking a cause of hypertension are critically revi...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408360600931831

    authors: Rossi GP,Seccia TM,Pessina AC

    更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00

  • The role of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in the general population and patients with diabetes mellitus with a focus on renal function and overall outcome.

    abstract::Isoforms of the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) protein, which lack the transmembrane and the signaling (soluble RAGE or sRAGE) domains are hypothesized to counteract the detrimental action of the full-length receptor by acting as a decoy, and they provide a potential tool to treat RAGE-associated d...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1080/10408363.2020.1791045

    authors: Steenbeke M,De Bruyne S,De Buyzere M,Lapauw B,Speeckaert R,Petrovic M,Delanghe JR,Speeckaert MM

    更新日期:2020-07-15 00:00:00

  • Physiological roles of the leptin endocrine system: differences between mice and humans.

    abstract::Leptin is a 16-kDa cytokine secreted in humans primarily but not exclusively by adipose tissues. Its concentration in blood is usually proportional to body fat mass, but is higher in women than in men not only because of a different distribution of and greater fat mass in women, but also because testosterone reduces i...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408369991239259

    authors: Himms-Hagen J

    更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00

  • Problems with measurements caused by high concentrations of serum solids.

    abstract::There have been numerous reports of spectrophotometric and volume problems caused by elevated levels of lipids in blood. The offending lipids, primarily triglycerides, not only cause turbidity leading to optical aberrations when added to analytical reagents, but also result in short-sampling errors leading to the meas...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368709105876

    authors: Artiss JD,Zak B

    更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00

  • Gas chromatography in the identification of microorganisms and diagnosis of infectious diseases.

    abstract::Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) continues to find increasing applications in the characterization of microorganisms and the diseases associated with them. GLC has been used to characterize microorganisms through qualitative and quantitative analyses of cellular structural components and soluble extracts and metabolic ...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368109106453

    authors: Edman DC,Craven RB,Brooks JB

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00

  • Biochemistry and clinical role of human cystatin C.

    abstract::Low molecular-mass plasma proteins play a key role in health and disease. Cystatin C is an endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitor belonging to the type 2 cystatin superfamily. The mature, active form of human cystatin C is a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 120 amino acid residues, with a mole...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408360490504934

    authors: Mussap M,Plebani M

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Complement in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of human diseases.

    abstract::Complement is a humoral effector system composed of 21 plasma proteins that was identified initially because of its cytolytic effects. In addition to cytolysis, complement has a number of different functions related to inflammatory and other host defense processes. The description of the reaction mechanism includes: (...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368609110272

    authors: Dalmasso AP

    更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00

  • HLA disease associations: models for the study of complex human genetic disorders.

    abstract::The genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans, control a variety of functions involved in immune response and influence susceptibility to over 40 diseases. Theoretical studies in the development of models to determine the modes of inheritance of the HLA-ass...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408369509084684

    authors: Thomson G

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • Lipoprotein lipase and angiopoietin-like 4 - Cardiomyocyte secretory proteins that regulate metabolism during diabetic heart disease.

    abstract::Cardiac diseases have been extensively studied following diabetes and altered metabolism has been implicated in its initiation. In this context, there is a shift from glucose utilization to predominantly fatty acid metabolism. We have focused on the micro- and macro-environments that the heart uses to provide fatty ac...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2014.997931

    authors: Puthanveetil P,Wan A,Rodrigues B

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Laboratory diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: in search of the Holy Grail.

    abstract::Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the pancreas, which might extend to local and distant extrapancreatic tissues. The global incidence varies between 17.5 and 73.4 cases per 100,000 and the pathogenesis recognizes alcohol exposure and biliary tract disease as the leading causes, ahead of post-end...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2012.658354

    authors: Lippi G,Valentino M,Cervellin G

    更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00

  • Analyte stability in clinical chemistry quality control materials.

    abstract::Maximum stability of analytes in chemistry control materials is desired. Stability testing is customarily performed by manufacturers, both prior to distribution of products and during the period following distribution when the products are in the field. Users and evaluators of such materials periodically have reported...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368209107031

    authors: Lawson NS,Haven GT,Williams GW

    更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00

  • Elevated C-reactive protein in the diagnosis, prognosis, and cause of cancer.

    abstract::The aim of this review is to summarize present evidence of an association between circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cancer risk, and to evaluate whether elevated circulating CRP levels cause cancer. Additionally, the review provides background information on the acute-phase response, chronic inflammat...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2011.599831

    authors: Allin KH,Nordestgaard BG

    更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00

  • Methylated DNA for monitoring tumor growth and regression: how do we get there?

    abstract::A wide range of protein cancer biomarkers is currently recommended in international guidelines for monitoring the growth and regression of solid tumors. However, a number of these markers are also present in low concentrations in blood obtained from healthy individuals and from patients with benign diseases. In contra...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2014.893279

    authors: Kristiansen S,Nielsen D,Sölétormos G

    更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00

  • Critical appraisal of inflammatory markers in cardiovascular risk stratification.

    abstract::Despite great progress in prevention strategies, pharmacotherapy and interventional treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiovascular events still constitute the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the modern world. Traditional risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity,...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2014.913549

    authors: Krintus M,Kozinski M,Kubica J,Sypniewska G

    更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00

  • Patterns and mechanisms of localized bone invasion by tumors: studies with squamous carcinomas of the head and neck.

    abstract::Squamous carcinomas of the head and neck provide a useful model for analyzing patterns and mechanisms of tumor-associated bone destruction. Morphological studies show that a major part of the invasive process is mediated by local osteoclasts which erode bone in front of the advancing tumor. Functional studies indicate...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368509165845

    authors: Carter RL

    更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00

  • Molecular aspects of thrombosis and antithrombotic drugs.

    abstract::There have been major advances in our understanding of thrombosis and antithrombotic drugs. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of thrombus formation and antithrombotic therapy. Molecules involved in arterial thrombosis are derived from inflammatory cells in the atherosclerotic plaque and blood platelets. The...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1080/10408360590951171

    authors: Wu KK,Matijevic-Aleksic N

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • The coagulopathy of cardiopulmonary bypass.

    abstract::There have been numerous publications on the coagulopathy of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This review provides an introduction to the history and main components of current CPB circuits and summarizes the current knowledge of pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of the CPB coagulopathy. It encompasses an overview ...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2010.549291

    authors: Besser MW,Klein AA

    更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00

  • Role of vitamin D in acquired immune and autoimmune diseases.

    abstract::Vitamin D has been attributed roles in the pathogenesis and prevention of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, autism and autoimmune diseases. The concomitant expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase and of the vitamin D3 receptor in animal and human tissu...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408363.2014.901291

    authors: Delvin E,Souberbielle JC,Viard JP,Salle B

    更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00

  • Osteocalcin: diagnostic methods and clinical applications.

    abstract::Osteocalcin is a small (Mr 5800), very interesting bone specific protein, synthesized by osteoblasts and measured in plasma as a biochemical indicator of bone formation. Many immunoassays for osteocalcin have been developed, including radio- and enzymoimmunoassays, with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies....

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408369109106867

    authors: Power MJ,Fottrell PF

    更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00

  • The laboratory evaluation of microcytic red blood cells.

    abstract::Microcytic red blood cell states are common clinical problems in both adult and pediatric age groups. The recent widespread availability of electronic blood cell counters for performing routine blood counts has increased the detection of microcytic red blood cells. Physicians must workup both symptomatic and asymptoma...

    journal_title:Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.3109/10408368209107028

    authors: Marsh WL Jr,Koenig HM

    更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00