Abstract：
:From February 1989 to January 1990, the Swiss Contact Dermatitis Research Group conducted a 1-year study to examine the frequency of sensitization to a series of 13 common preservatives. A group of 2295 consecutive outpatients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (age range 7-90 years, with a mean age of 42; 911 males, 1384 females) was tested. The %s of positive reactions to the preservatives studied are as follows, in descending order: formaldehyde 5.7%, benzalkonium chloride 5.5%, Kathon CG 5.5%, thimerosal 4.2%, chlorhexidine digluconate 2.0%, DMDM hydantoin 1.7%, paraben mix 1.7%, chloroacetamide 1.5%, Bronopol 1.2%, imidazolidinyl urea 1.0%, quaternium 15 1.0%, triclosan 0.8%, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol 0.4%. These relatively high values suggest a heavy exposure of the Swiss population to topical preservatives. Compared to previous studies, the sensitization rate to Kathon CG has stabilized in Switzerland over the last 2 years. Sensitization to formaldehyde portrayed impressive geographical variation, with sensitization rates up to 9% in western and only 3% in eastern Switzerland. The low sensitization rate to parabens argues for their inclusion in a medicament or preservative series, rather than in the standard series.
journal_name
Contact Dermatitisjournal_title
Contact dermatitisauthors
Perrenoud D,Bircher A,Hunziker T,Suter H,Bruckner-Tuderman L,Stäger J,Thürlimann W,Schmid P,Suard A,Hunziker Ndoi
10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00597.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-05-01 00:00:00pages
276-9issue
5eissn
0105-1873issn
1600-0536journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章,多中心研究,评审abstract：:To critically review currently available methods, or methods under development (in vivo, in vitro, in silico, etc.) used in the evaluation of skin sensitization potential and their applicability in the derivation of quantitative 'safety thresholds'. ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.02004_2.x
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Erythema caused by occlusion of 3 concentrations of surfactant was quantified in vivo using a modified spectrophotometer. Standard chamber irritation test sites were evaluated objectively using the spectrophotometer and subjectively by trained observers. There was a good relationship between the instrumental and visua...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02893.x
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thirty-six of 37 veterinary surgeons with incapacitating dermatitis had allergic contact dermatitis, mainly from antibiotics such as spiramycin, Penethamate BP and tylosin. Eight were sensitive to rubber materials. Twenty of 36 had positive prick or scratch tests, mainly to animal hair. The atopic sensitivities were r...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb03885.x
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Positive patch test reactions to mixtures of oxidized terpenes containing allergenic hydroperoxides are frequently reported. However, human sensitization data for these hydroperoxides are not available. OBJECTIVES:To analyse and evaluate the human sensitization potential and potency of hydroperoxides in vit...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cod.13286
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In four patients suffering from allergic contact eczema, the risk of sensitization to a new residue-leaving fungicide (Plondrel) used in spraying roses is considered. Two patients, however, were probably also sensitized to materials from the roses themselves. By gas-liquid chromatography the amount of the fungicide, e...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05441.x
更新日期：1975-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Nyloprint process is becoming more frequently used in Great Britain. We report a case of contact dermatitis in a 60-year-old man who was employed in the production of Nyloprint formes. The process is described in detail. Patch tests showed him to be very sensitive to an acrylamide derivative, which is used as a mo...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb03013.x
更新日期：1976-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metal to metal prostheses give satisfactory results in 90% of patients. About half of the failure rate may be due to allergic reaction to the metals involved, particularly cobalt. A total of 35 patients in this unsatisfactory group have been patch-tested; 16 were positive to metals, 13 to cobalt, 4 to nickel, and 2 to...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02986.x
更新日期：1976-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Water is a skin irritant which deserves attention because of its ubiquity. During the Vietnam war, soldiers suffered from painful swollen feet, so-called tropical immersion foot. In occupational dermatology, the importance of water as a skin irritant is especially appreciated. The irritancy of water has been demonstra...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06990.x
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Frictional hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis (FHHD) is an unusual form of chronic eczema relating to repeated frictional trauma. This form of hand eczema is often occupationally related and recalcitrant to therapy. We describe the case of FHHD in a 48-year-old dermatologic surgeon. The eruption was resistant to all topic...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01152.x
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors followed the frequency of fragrance contact sensitization in Hungary in a multicentre study in the years 1998 and 1999. A total of 3,604 patients were tested with fragrance mix (FM), and positive reactions were observed in 294 (8.2%). In 160 FM hypersensitive patients, the study was continued with patch te...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460602.x
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thiomersal is the preservative in all toxoid vaccines routinely administered to children in the UK, but exposure from other sources is uncommon. Delayed hypersensitivity to thiomersal was demonstrated in 1% of individuals attending the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, and 50 of these patients with positive patch...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02809.x
更新日期：1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Predictive guinea pig sensitization studies have been performed with commercial and purified 1H-benzotriazole. In only 3 animals, induced and challenged according to the maximization protocol with more than 100 times the normal use concentration, were slight erythemas elicited with the commercial grade of benzotriazol...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00024.x
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An outbreak of occupational dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory is reported. An unusual clinical picture was recognized. Patch tests revealed a high sensitization rate to the MBT derivative used: 2-(2'-4'dinitrophenylthio)benzothiazole. Since tests with MBT mix and dinitrophenol were negative; sensitization to a conta...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02637.x
更新日期：1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cyclic acid anhydrides often cause allergic respiratory diseases, but contact urticaria because of these anhydrides has been considered rare. OBJECTIVE:We describe 21 patients diagnosed with occupational contact urticaria at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health during the period 1990-2006. METHOD:P...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01526.x
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The irritation potential of surfactants and body cleansing products was determined by evaluating the removal of dansyl chloride from the skin. Dilute solutions (2% active ingredient, w/v) of surfactants and soap extract fluorescence from the skin within 30 min. This is probably a physicochemical effect as it is too ra...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00570.x
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous studies have focused attention on the influence of various biological and environmental factors on contact hypersensitivity. In order to evaluate the persistence and/or modification of allergic contact sensitivity to a number of common contact sensitizers, the same standardized patch tests were repeated on 17...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02222.x
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) is a mushroom which is eaten in Chinese and Japanese meals and is nowadays the second most commonly produced edible mushroom in the world. Shiitake dermatitis was first described by Nakamura in 1977. This disease presents with very characteristic skin manifestations. From April 1974 to April...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb05211.x
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tween 80 is an ethoxylated hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant, which is used for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, and industrial detergents. Ethoxylated surfactants are polyethers and are thus easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to a variety of hydroperoxides, peroxides ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00368.x
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There are no Indian studies on the association between filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations and any dermatosis, including hand eczema. OBJECTIVES:To determine the prevalence of FLG mutations in Indian hand eczema patients, and examine associations between such mutations and any aetiological type of hand eczema. ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cod.13233
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data suggests that protection from gloves is paradoxically reduced because of effects of occlusion on the skin. The aim of this study was to characterize these effects on physical and functional properties of stratum corneum. Volunteer trials were conducted using patches of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) glove material on t...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00542.x
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fragrance substances represent a very diverse group of chemicals; a proportion of them are associated with the ability to cause allergic reactions in the skin. Efforts to find substitute materials are hindered by the need to undertake animal testing for determining both skin sensitization hazard and potency. One strat...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00322.x
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allergic contact dermatitis affects a worrying proportion of the general population. The mechanisms underlying this chemical-triggered delayed-type hypersensitivity are still not fully understood. In recent years, basic research has shown that the immune system reacts to contact allergens by activation of signalling p...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/cod.12311
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:16 children with atopic dermatitis and 4 nonatopics were skin tested with flavourings and perfumes. Immediate reactions to balsam of Peru and fragrance-mix were found in 9 atopics, and none among nonatopics. An irritant is more probable than an immunologic mechanism. Allergen solutions should probably be assayed at a ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb05196.x
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Chromium-tanned leather articles currently constitute the most important cause of contact allergy to chromium in Denmark. A regulation on the content of hexavalent chromium in leather was adopted in November 2013 by the EU member states. OBJECTIVES:To characterize patients with chromium allergy and their di...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/cod.12291
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Among 1511 consecutive patients patch tested with Kathon CG at 100 ppm active ingredient, 13 (0.8%) gave a positive reaction. Use test with a lotion containing Kathon CG (8.6 ppm) revealed no reaction in 11 patients with a positive patch test. It is concluded that a positive patch test reaction to 100 ppm does not ini...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01195.x
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An outbreak of occupational dermatitis in an electroforming plant where there was heavy exposure to nickel is described. Patch test investigations confirmed nickel allergy in 13 of 27 exposed individuals. Nickel chloride was found to be a more reliable patch test allergen than nickel sulphate. Improvements in industri...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04985.x
更新日期：1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bullous dermatitis, which resolved leaving hyperpigmentation and which was clinically consistent with phytophotodermatitis , affected the skin of the neck of 2 individuals who wore Hawaiian leis (as neck garlands ) made of the fruits of Pelea anisata . In a Daniels culture plate system portions of the fruits showed ph...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00104.x
更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We review controlled trials of corticosteroid effect in experimentally elicited acute nickel contact dermatitis in man, in the hope of clarifying optimal efficacy for clinical use. To maximize discrimination and objectivity, we focus on data with 1 well-characterized allergen, nickel, in studies utilizing bioengineeri...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043006317.x
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The validity of questionnaire answers with respect to hand eczema was investigated. Car mechanics, dentists and office workers answered a questionnaire on the occurrence of hand eczema on any occasion during the past 12 months. "Yes"-responders and a random sample of "no"-responders were subsequently interviewed and e...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.045002099.x
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Occupational skin diseases (OSDs) often have considerable medical and occupational consequences. Previous data on prognostic factors have been derived from studies with fairly small sample sizes. OBJECTIVES:To determine the medical and occupational outcome in 1048 patients diagnosed with OSD at the Finnish ...
journal_title：Contact dermatitis
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01611.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
