Chitin perception in plasmodesmata characterizes submembrane immune-signaling specificity in plants.

abstract：:Acanthamoeba castellanii contains two enzymes, myosins IA and IB, that exhibit the catalytic properties of a myosin but possess very unusual physical properties, the most striking of which are their single, low molecular weight heavy chain, their globular shape, and their inability to form bipolar filaments. We have n...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hammer JA 3rd,Jung G,Korn ED

更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Monotremes have left a poor fossil record, and paleontology has been virtually mute during two decades of discussion about molecular clock estimates of the timing of divergence between the platypus and echidna clades. We describe evidence from high-resolution x-ray computed tomography indicating that Teinolophos, an E...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rowe T,Rich TH,Vickers-Rich P,Springer M,Woodburne MO

更新日期：2008-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) is viewed as the hallmark of a Th2 lymphocyte, whereas the subsequent action of IL-4 and IL-13, mediated through the STAT6 signaling pathway, is seen as a prerequisite for the full development of Th2 immune responses to parasites and allergens. G4 mice, whose IL-4 gene locus cont...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： van Panhuys N,Tang SC,Prout M,Camberis M,Scarlett D,Roberts J,Hu-Li J,Paul WE,Le Gros G

更新日期：2008-08-26 00:00:00

abstract：:We provide evidence for an interaction between mouse class I major histocompatibility complex antigens and insulin receptors. Antibodies against class I but not class II major histocompatibility complex antigens immunoprecipitate photoaffinity-labeled hepatic insulin receptors. Haplotype specificity is demonstrated by...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Phillips ML,Moule ML,Delovitch TL,Yip CC

更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A human craniofacial cDNA library was screened with a degenerate oligonucleotide probe based on the conserved third helix of homeobox genes. From this screening, we identified a homeobox gene, H6, which shared only 57-65% amino acid identity to previously reported homeodomains. H6 was physically mapped to the 4p16.1 r...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Stadler HS,Padanilam BJ,Buetow K,Murray JC,Solursh M

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The rugged folding-energy landscapes of RNAs often display many competing minima. How do RNAs discriminate among competing conformations in their search for the native state? By using optical tweezers, we show that the folding-energy landscape can be manipulated to control the fate of an RNA: individual RNA molecules ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Li PT,Bustamante C,Tinoco I Jr

更新日期：2007-04-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The process by which cells select one of several specific programs of genetic information in development was examined in homoeotic mutant Antennapedia of Rappaport in Drosophila melanogaster. The results show that the alteration of determination from antenna to leg induced by this homoeotic mutation occurs in a popula...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Postlethwait JH,Schneiderman HA

更新日期：1969-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, rate constants were determined in vitro and it was unknown whether they were valid for in vivo biological processes. Here, we bridge this gap by measuring binding dynamics between a pair of proteins in living HeLa cells. Binding of a β-lactamase to its protein inhibitor was initiated by microinjection an...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Phillip Y,Kiss V,Schreiber G

更新日期：2012-01-31 00:00:00

abstract：:The method of evolutionary stable strategies (ESS), in its current form, is confronted with a difficulty when it tries to explain how some social behaviors initiate their evolution. We show that this difficulty may be removed by changing the assumption made tacitly in game theory (and in ESS) of randomness of meetings...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Eshel I,Cavalli-Sforza LL

更新日期：1982-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Comparative genomics of closely related bacterial isolates is a powerful method for uncovering virulence and other important genome elements. We determined draft sequences (8-fold coverage) of the genomes of strains JD1 and N40 of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and we compared...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Qiu WG,Schutzer SE,Bruno JF,Attie O,Xu Y,Dunn JJ,Fraser CM,Casjens SR,Luft BJ

更新日期：2004-09-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene therapy of the brain is hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents the brain uptake of bloodborne gene formulations. Exogenous genes have been expressed in the brain after invasive routes of administration, such as craniotomy or intracarotid arterial infusion of noxious agents causi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Shi N,Pardridge WM

更新日期：2000-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies investigating the relationship between crop genetic diversity and human cultural diversity patterns showed that seed exchanges are embedded in farmers' social organization. However, our understanding of the social processes involved remains limited. We investigated how farmers' membership in three major...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Labeyrie V,Thomas M,Muthamia ZK,Leclerc C

更新日期：2016-01-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite their importance for biological activity, slower molecular motions beyond the nanosecond range remain poorly understood. We have assembled an unprecedented set of experimental NMR data, comprising up to 27 residual dipolar couplings per amino acid, to define the nature and amplitude of backbone motion in prote...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bouvignies G,Bernadó P,Meier S,Cho K,Grzesiek S,Brüschweiler R,Blackledge M

更新日期：2005-09-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans shift their gaze to a new location several times per second. It is still unclear what determines where they look next. Fixation behavior is influenced by the low-level salience of the visual stimulus, such as luminance, contrast, and color, but also by high-level task demands and prior knowledge. Under natural ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schütz AC,Trommershäuser J,Gegenfurtner KR

更新日期：2012-05-08 00:00:00

abstract：:We introduce Pathifier, an algorithm that infers pathway deregulation scores for each tumor sample on the basis of expression data. This score is determined, in a context-specific manner, for every particular dataset and type of cancer that is being investigated. The algorithm transforms gene-level information into pa...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Drier Y,Sheffer M,Domany E

更新日期：2013-04-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Many paleoredox proxies indicate low-level and dynamic incipient oxygenation of Earth's surface environments during the Neoarchean (2.8-2.5 Ga) before the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ∼2.4 Ga. The mode, tempo, and scale of these redox changes are poorly understood, because data from various locations and ages sugges...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Koehler MC,Buick R,Kipp MA,Stüeken EE,Zaloumis J

更新日期：2018-07-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The archaeological record shows that typically human cultural traits emerged at different times, in different parts of the world, and among different hominin taxa. This pattern suggests that their emergence is the outcome of complex and nonlinear evolutionary trajectories, influenced by environmental, demographic, and...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： d'Errico F,Banks WE,Warren DL,Sgubin G,van Niekerk K,Henshilwood C,Daniau AL,Sánchez Goñi MF

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Some monocytes normally take up residence in tissues as sessile macrophages, but others differentiate into migratory cells resembling dendritic cells that emigrate to lymph nodes. In an in vitro model of a vessel wall, lipid mediators lysophosphatidic acid and platelet-activating factor, whose signals are implicated i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Llodrá J,Angeli V,Liu J,Trogan E,Fisher EA,Randolph GJ

更新日期：2004-08-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The severe cooling and the expansion of the ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 27,000-19,000 y ago (27-19 ky ago) had a major impact on plant and animal populations, including humans. Changes in human population size and range have affected our genetic evolution, and recent modeling efforts have reaffir...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tallavaara M,Luoto M,Korhonen N,Järvinen H,Seppä H

更新日期：2015-07-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The previously described peptide material that reacts with antibodies to gastrin and is found in the central nervous system of various vertebrates is present in only the 100,000 X g pellet of postmortem human cerebral cortical grey matter. This immunoreactive material, extractable in boiling water, is biologically act...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Robberecht P,Deschodt-Lanckman M,Vanderhaeghen JJ

更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When two vortices cross, each of them breaks into two parts and exchanges part of itself for part of the other. This process, called vortex reconnection, occurs in classical and superfluids, and in magnetized plasmas and superconductors. We present the first experimental observations of reconnection between quantized ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bewley GP,Paoletti MS,Sreenivasan KR,Lathrop DP

更新日期：2008-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Vaccination has been used to control the spread of seasonal flu; however, the virus continues to evolve and escape from host immune response through mutation and increasing glycosylation. Efforts have been directed toward development of a universal vaccine with broadly protective activity against multiple influenza st...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Liao HY,Wang SC,Ko YA,Lin KI,Ma C,Cheng TR,Wong CH

更新日期：2020-07-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Microprocessor [Drosha-DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) complex] processing of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) is the critical first step in miRNA biogenesis, but how the Drosha cleavage site is determined has been unclear. Previous models proposed that the Drosha-DGCR8 complex measures either ~22 nt from...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ma H,Wu Y,Choi JG,Wu H

更新日期：2013-12-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Newly formed hepatic granulomas around Schistosoma mansoni eggs become progressively smaller during the chronic (greater than or equal to 15 weeks after infection) phase of the disease. This reduction in granuloma size, termed "modulation," is known to be caused in part by a T lymphocyte that can adoptively transfer m...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Green WF,Colley DG

更新日期：1981-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The soybean genome hosts a family of several hundred, relatively homogeneous copies of a large, copia/Ty1-like retroelement designated SIRE-1. A copy of this element has been recovered from a Glycine max genomic library. DNA sequence analysis of two SIRE-1 subclones revealed that SIRE-1 contains a long, uninterrupted,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Laten HM,Majumdar A,Gaucher EA

更新日期：1998-06-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant soil specialists contribute greatly to global diversity; however, the ecoevolutionary forces responsible for generating this diversity are poorly understood. We integrate molecular phylogenies with descriptive and experimental ecological data, creating a powerful framework with which to elucidate forces driving ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Cacho NI,Strauss SY

更新日期：2014-10-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The noninvasive detection and quantification of CD8(+) T cells in vivo are important for both the detection and staging of CD8(+) lymphomas and for the monitoring of successful cancer immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell transfer and antibody-based immunotherapeutics. Here, antibody fragments are constructed to targ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tavaré R,McCracken MN,Zettlitz KA,Knowles SM,Salazar FB,Olafsen T,Witte ON,Wu AM

更新日期：2014-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory agents that block cytokine production. We investigated whether GCs also block cytokine signaling via the Janus kinase (Jak)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Dexamethasone inhibited IL-2-induced DNA binding, tyrosine phosphorylation, and...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bianchi M,Meng C,Ivashkiv LB

更新日期：2000-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Splenic lymphocytes from a Lewis rat, immunized with purified estradiol-receptor complex of calf uterine nuclei, were fused with cells of three different mouse myeloma lines (P3-X63-Ag8, P3-NSI/I-Ag4-1, and Sp2/0-Ag14) to yield hybridoma cultures, 9% of which produced antibodies to the receptor protein (estrophilin). ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Greene GL,Fitch FW,Jensen EV

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nucleotide cyclic di-3',5'- adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) was recently identified as an essential and widespread second messenger in bacterial signaling. Among c-di-AMP-producing bacteria, altered nucleotide levels result in several physiological defects and attenuated virulence. Thus, a detailed molecular un...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huynh TN,Luo S,Pensinger D,Sauer JD,Tong L,Woodward JJ

更新日期：2015-02-17 00:00:00