Abstract：
:It is often taken for granted that all animals host and depend upon a microbiome, yet this has only been shown for a small proportion of species. We propose that animals span a continuum of reliance on microbial symbionts. At one end are the famously symbiont-dependent species such as aphids, humans, corals and cows, in which microbes are abundant and important to host fitness. In the middle are species that may tolerate some microbial colonization but are only minimally or facultatively dependent. At the other end are species that lack beneficial symbionts altogether. While their existence may seem improbable, animals are capable of limiting microbial growth in and on their bodies, and a microbially independent lifestyle may be favored by selection under some circumstances. There is already evidence for several 'microbiome-free' lineages that represent distantly related branches in the animal phylogeny. We discuss why these animals have received such little attention, highlighting the potential for contaminants, transients, and parasites to masquerade as beneficial symbionts. We also suggest ways to explore microbiomes that address the limitations of DNA sequencing. We call for further research on microbiome-free taxa to provide a more complete understanding of the ecology and evolution of macrobe-microbe interactions.
journal_name
FEMS Microbiol Lettjournal_title
FEMS microbiology lettersauthors
Hammer TJ,Sanders JG,Fierer Ndoi
10.1093/femsle/fnz117subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-05-01 00:00:00issue
10eissn
0378-1097issn
1574-6968pii
5499024journal_volume
366pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The Great Salt Plains is a 65-km(2) hypersaline habitat of geological origin located in north-central Oklahoma. Contamination of such ecosystems by petroleum compounds is expected from non-point sources and due to increased human activities. Little information exists about the ability of halophilic and halotolerant ba...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.014
更新日期：2005-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The pseudotrisaccharide allosamidin, a potent inhibitor of chitinases, retarded the fragmentation of hyphae but did not affect the fungal growth and cephalosporin-C production in Acremonium chrysogenum. In vitro inhibition of A. chrysogenum cell-bound chitinase(s) by allosamidin revealed that about 47% of the soluble ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13091.x
更新日期：1998-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA was performed on the genera Planococcus, Marinococcus, Sporosarcina and endospore-forming rods. In agreement with earlier 16S rRNA cataloguing data, Planococcus citreus and Sporosarcina ureae clustered with Bacillus pasteurii and other bacilli containing lysine in their cell w...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-1097(92)90523-q
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Development of pili on cells of Arthrobacter photogonimos is induced by photo-oxidative conditions. The nucleotide sequence was determined of a light-inducible gene (lipA) that encodes the precursor of a light-inducible pilin (designated LIP), a polypeptide of 212 amino acids. The N-terminal leader peptide includes a ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13030.x
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It was speculated that the increase of the UDP-GlcNAc pool observed with chloramphenicol can modulate the residual PEP:UDP-GlcNAc-enolpyruvate activity of fosfomycin-treated cells. This provided an explanation on how chloramphenicol can insure the formation of enough UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide to sustain peptidoglycan sy...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-1097(90)90270-z
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11332.x
更新日期：2002-08-27 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsle/fny237
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10884.x
更新日期：2001-10-16 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07162.x
更新日期：1994-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The core metabolism of microorganisms has a major influence on the hydrogen isotopic composition of their fatty acids. Heterotrophic microorganisms produce fatty acids with a deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratio either slightly depleted or enriched in D compared to the growth water, while photo- and chemoautotrophic micr...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/femsle/fnv065
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold rot, a postharvest decay of stored fruits. This fungus also produces the mycotoxins patulin and citrinin. Control of P. expansum still relies mainly on the use of fungicides such as thiabendazole. Since its introduction, resistant strains have been reported. The ai...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01670.x
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-1097(94)90295-x
更新日期：1994-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To rapidly identify natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, we developed amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) methods. ARDRA, which is based on the restriction patterns of 16S rRNA gene digested with five enzymes (EcoRI, DdeI, HhaI, HinfI, RsaI), clearly distinguished the 14 species of mari...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00129.x
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To clarify the cause of the supersusceptibility of Branhamella catarrhalis to macrolide antibiotics, which are well-known to be inactive to most Gram-negative bacteria, we determined its cell surface hydrophobicity by the partition experiment between water and hydrocarbons. Its cell surface was found to be markedly mo...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-1097(89)90488-6
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07414.x
更新日期：1995-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene (gabD) was identified to be disrupted in a transposon-induced mutant of Ralstonia eutropha exhibiting the phenotype 4-hydroxybutyric acid-leaky. The native gabD gene was cloned by colony hybridization using a homologous gabD-specific DNA probe. DNA sequencing revealed an 145...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08827.x
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The prodrug activation system formed by the E. coli codA gene encoding cytosine deaminase (CD) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) developed for selective cancer chemotherapy suffers from a sensitivity limitation in many tumour cells. In an attempt to improve the CD/5-FC suicide association, we combined the E. coli upp gene e...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13205.x
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The acquisition of tolerance to high hydrostatic pressure of 220 MPa (HHP) in response to a 0.4 mM hydrogen peroxide, 6% ethanol and cold-shock (10 degrees C) pretreatment for different lengths of times was studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protection conferred by these different treatments was simila...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.femsle.2004.02.002
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/femsle/fny174
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06524.x
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes encoding the enzymes 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) synthase and DXP reductoisomerase, both involved in the mevalonate-independent biosynthesis of isoprenoids, have been expressed as recombinant enzymes in Escherichia coli. The purified P. aeruginosa DXP reductoisomerase was inhi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09307.x
更新日期：2000-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on second generation sequencing (MiSeq platform, Illumina), we determined the genetic diversity of T4-like bacteriophages of the family Myoviridae by analysing fragments of the major capsid protein gene g23 in the plankton of Lake Baikal. The sampling depth in our study was significantly higher than in those obt...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/femsle/fnx264
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteria are in constant conflict with competing bacterial and eukaryotic cells. To cope with the various challenges, bacteria developed distinct strategies, such as toxins that inhibit the growth or kill rivals of the same ecological niche. In recent years, two toxin systems have been discovered - the type VI secreti...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1574-6968.12180
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Matrix proteins are the driving force of assembly of enveloped viruses. Their main function is to interact with and polymerize at cellular membranes and link other viral components to the matrix-membrane complex resulting in individual particle shapes and ensuring the integrity of the viral particle. Although matrix p...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.femsle.2004.03.002
更新日期：2004-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:An internal segment of the penicillin-binding protein gene, pbpA, of Streptomyces griseus was amplified from genomic DNA using the polymerase chain reaction and used as a hybridization probe to isolate the complete gene from a cosmid library. pbpA encodes a 485 amino acid sequence that conserves three motifs of PBPs, ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09403.x
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have identified phosphatidylethanolamine as one of the major phospholipids of Clostridium perfringens by two dimensional thin layer chromatography of the intact lipids and of their deacylation products and by liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry of the intact neutral phospholipid fraction. The princi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.femsle.2004.01.048
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to have a wide physiological potential allowing them to constantly populate diverse environments leading to severe infections of humans such as septicemia, leg ulcers, and burn wounds. We set out to probe physiological characteristics of P. aeruginosa isolates from diabetic leg ulcers ...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1574-6968.12148
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ruminococcus albus is a Gram-positive bacterium that degrades plant cell walls in the rumen of herbivores. It was described to synthesize two major glycoside-hydrolases (Cel9B and Cel48A), which are exported and anchored at the cell surface. In bacteria, proteins destined to cross the cytoplasmic membrane are synthesi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01576.x
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The benzimidazole fungicide thiophanate-methyl is commonly applied to control leaf mould of tomato caused by Cladosporium fulvum in China. In this study, 32 isolates of C. fulvum were examined for their sensitivities to thiophanate-methyl, and two benzimidazole-resistant (BenR) phenotypes BenR1 and BenR2 were identifi...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00999.x
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influence of nutritional and physical stress on sporulation, conidial germination and vegetative biomass of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, one of the most important medicinal fungi in China and now globally, was evaluated using a two-stage culture method. All the treatments, except nutrient deprivation, enhanced conidia...
journal_title：FEMS microbiology letters
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1111/1574-6968.12190
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
