Abstract：
:The term "refractory anemia" was used in 1937 by Cornelius Parker Rhoads to describe patients whose anemia did not improve after treatment with liver extract or iron salts, and this term has been used to denote patients with certain subtypes of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) since the 1976 and 1982 French-American-British (FAB) classifications of acute leukemias and MDS. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed elimination of "refractory anemia" in a more general proposal for reclassification of myeloid neoplasia. A scandal relating to Dr. Rhoads' possibly unethical medical experiments on anemic patients in Puerto Rico in 1931 and a racially offensive letter he wrote during that period prompted an international incident and Congressional-level inquiry. This dark history, as well as continued terminological problems with refractory anemia, suggest that this hoary term has indeed worn out its usefulness. This article reviews the history of "refractory anemia" and evolution in its use over the past 80 years. Rhoads' personal history, the potentially confusing nature of "refractory anemia", and the fact that it is possible none of the 100 patients Rhoads described in 1937 actually had MDS all support the new WHO reclassification proposal to eliminate this term.
journal_name
Leuk Resjournal_title
Leukemia researchauthors
Steensma DPdoi
10.1016/j.leukres.2016.10.007subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-12-01 00:00:00pages
22-26eissn
0145-2126issn
1873-5835pii
S0145-2126(16)30218-1journal_volume
51pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract：:Outcomes in patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) (including therapy related myeloid neoplasms and AML with myelodysplasia related changes (MRC)) are poor. Patients treated with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) for antecedent hematological malignancy (AHM) have suboptimal responses to induction chemothera...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106367
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Treatment failure of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is frequently due to the development of multidrug resistance phenotype blasts. We have expressed a fusion protein consisting of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) fused to the N-terminus of a lectin-deficient ricin toxin B ...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0145-2126(97)00043-x
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A method using avidin-biotin complex (ABC) to detect the presence of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is described and compared with a proven indirect immunofluorescence method. The material studied consisted of: (1) peripheral blood and bone marrow smears from 17 patients with leukemia (ALL, 8; ...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(83)90107-8
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The process of B-cell development is characterized by the activation of the unfolded protein response. Under certain circumstances, the unfolded protein response can be manipulated in a cell death-inducing way. Therefore, tackling the unfolded protein response might be an attractive strategy in the treatment of diffus...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2012.08.017
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of intracellular cytoplasmic immunoglobulin M (IgM) in leukemic cells from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was investigated by flow cytometry. The objective of the study was to develop a reproducible flow cytometric method. A Burkitt's lymphoma-derived...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(85)90126-2
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TCL-1 expression is variable in CLL, and no study has examined its association with treatment response. We measured TCL-1 protein in CLL cells from 51 patients who then received pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. TCL-1 expression did not correlate with any pre-treatment characteristics. Lower TCL-1 levels w...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2007.05.020
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of low density lipoprotein (LDL) as drug carrier in acute myeloblastic leukemia chemotherapy is attractive due to high LDL uptake by leukemic cells. Lipid-based formulations, such as liposomes or microemulsions are promising alternatives. In the current study, we incorporated N-trifluoroacetyl-adriamycin-14-va...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2005.06.012
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leukemic cell lines have become important tools for studies of disease providing a monoclonal cell population that can be extensively expanded in vitro while preserving leukemic cellular characteristics. However, studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been impeded in part by the lack of continuous human ce...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2015.10.008
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although there has been much progress in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy remains a significant issue. Recent studies have shown how interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment can protect ALL cells from chemotherapy and allow for the persistence of the ...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.030
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Febrile neutropenia (FN) risk-assessment and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) prophylaxis use in clinical practice was evaluated in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving R-CHOP-21. More G-CSF primary prophylaxis was used in patients assessed as high FN risk, but R-CHOP-21 was associated wi...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2012.02.002
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human peripheral blood monocytes were found to be capable of phagocytizing human B-non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cells coated with mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The MoAbs used recognized idiotypic determinants on the surface immunoglobulin (Ig) of the tumor cells. MoAbs of IgG1 and IgG2a subclass were equally ef...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(86)90344-9
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To examine the relationship between viability of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts in liquid suspension culture and the occurrence of myeloid maturation in culture, total and differential cell counts and viability as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion were followed over 21 days of culture. A significant pos...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(88)90098-7
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Useful prognostic markers for patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have been reported. To identify which biomarker best predicts the prognosis of patients with DLBCL, we performed a retrospective study that included 319 DLBCL patients who had received rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristin...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2015.08.016
更新日期：2015-08-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The immunologic phenotype of the lymphocytes of 100 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) was investigated. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were examined in all cases; in 46 patients with lymphadenopathy, a lymph node was biopsied and the histologic and immunologic patterns were assessed: 24 had a lymph...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(87)90063-4
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This report describes a unique case of acute myeloid leukemia with hypergranular cytoplasm and t(X;11)(q24;q23). The breakpoint on 11q23 was identified within the MLL gene. The hypergranular cytoplasm of leukemic cells and the associated coagulopathy resembled a characteristic of acute promyelocytic leukemia, despite ...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00131-3
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells may be regulated by immune functions. In an attempt to analyze such functions, helper factors (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6), T-cell products (sCD4 and sCD8) and sIL-2R and beta 2-microglobulin were measured in serum of patients at different stages of the disease. Patient...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(92)90009-v
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This prospective phase II clinical trial evaluated the effects of single-dose mitoxantrone (36 mg/m2 on day 1) in combination with continuous infusion intermediate-dose cytarabine plus etoposide in 25 patients with refractory or early relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We compared the results of our current study ...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2008.08.009
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We performed a comprehensive cost calculation identifying the main cost drivers of treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in daily practice. In our observational study 160 patient charts were reviewed repeatedly to assess the treatment strategies from diagnosis till the study end. Ninety-seven patients (61%) recei...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2013.10.029
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A panel of human leukemia cell lines from various lineages (T-cell, pre B- and Non-T/Non-B cell, myelomonocytic and erythroleukemia cell lines) were utilised as model systems of the distant effects of differentiation-inducing activity (DIA) produced by the T-leukemia cell line HUT-102. DIA inhibited cell proliferation...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(87)90108-1
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two AML patients, whose leukemic clonogenic cells totally reacted to the anti-lactofucopentaose III S4-7 monoclonal antibody (MoAb), underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation, in first complete remission, after in-vitro purging with S4-7 MoAb and complement. After ablative chemotherapy (BAVC regimen) and reinfu...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(87)90050-6
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of dCMPase has been measured in cell extracts from human lymphoproliferative disorders. The highest levels occurred in T helper-CLL and Thy-ALL, but high levels were also found in C-ALL, NPDLL transforming to DHL, DPDLL and DHL. A range of enzyme activities was found in the majority of types examined, wit...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(84)90040-7
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe changes in antigen expression on HL60 cells with differentiation into granulocytes induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), into monocytes by alpha1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3), or into macrophages by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Undifferentiated cells express...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00041-1
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chlorambucil-induced apoptosis was assessed by three different flow cytometric methods in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells cultured in vitro and the results were compared with those derived from the morphological assessment of the same samples. Spontaneous apoptosis was consistently observed in the c...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00013-7
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Imatinib mesylate (IM) is the treatment of choice in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), irrespectively of their age. Nevertheless, information regarding tolerability and responses in advanced-age patients, a subgroup in which co-morbidities and other factors may influence outcome, is scarce,...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2011.01.017
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bi-specific anti-CD33 x anti-CD64 antibodies (BsAb) mediated more potent and longer-lasting inhibition of proliferation of human leukemia cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples compared to mono-specific anti-CD33 mAb. There were no differences between these two antibodies in cellular internalizati...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2003.12.001
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ten patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) received bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at 100 mg/M2 intravenously over 1 h. BrdU is incorporated into the DNA by S-phase cells and was detected by using a monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody in the bone marrow aspirate (BM) and biopsy specimens obtained at the end of the inf...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(87)90160-3
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have recently described that a variant of L1210 leukemia cell (L1210/LN-1) originally fused with Lesch-Nyhan fibroblast is highly immunogenic for inducing tumor-specific transplantation immunity in (BALB/cxDBA/2)F1 mice. This finding has clearly been confirmed in the present study by in-vitro cell-mediated cytotoxi...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(85)90316-9
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Expression of cell cycle-regulating genes was studied in human myeloid leukemia cell lines ML-1, ML-2 and ML-3 during induction of differentiation in vitro. Myelomonocytic differentiation was induced by phorbol ester (12-o-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, TPA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) or interferon gam...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00103-6
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study focuses on the effect of chemotherapy on endocrinopathies and the metabolic syndrome in adult survivors of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Endocrine function and metabolic syndrome were evaluated in 12 AML survivors, treated with chemotherapy, and in 9 survivors of myeloid leukemias treated with ste...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.leukres.2012.12.008
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The efficiency of gene transfer into human leukemia cell lines by electroporation was investigated. For both transient expression (beta-galactosidase gene) and stable transformation (neomycin resistance gene), the transfer efficiency into leukemia cell lines using a square wave pulse was superior to that using an expo...
journal_title：Leukemia research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0145-2126(91)90062-x
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
