On conducting electron traffic across the periplasm.

abstract：:Membrane proteins are drug targets for a wide range of diseases. Having access to appropriate samples for further research underpins the pharmaceutical industry's strategy for developing new drugs. This is typically achieved by synthesizing a protein of interest in host cells that can be cultured on a large scale, all...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Bawa Z,Bland CE,Bonander N,Bora N,Cartwright SP,Clare M,Conner MT,Darby RA,Dilworth MV,Holmes WJ,Jamshad M,Routledge SJ,Gross SR,Bill RM

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:TRP (transient receptor potential) channels comprise a superfamily of non-selective cation channels with at least seven subfamilies. The variety of subfamilies corresponds to the differences in the activation mechanisms and functions. TRPM3 (TRP melastatin 3) and TRPV4 (TRP vanilloid 3) have been characterized as cati...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Harteneck C,Reiter B

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is found in all living organisms. The known polyP functions in eukaryotes range from osmoregulation and virulence in parasitic protozoa to modulating blood coagulation, inflammation, bone mineralization and cellular signalling in mammals. However mechanisms of regulation and even the id...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Gerasimaitė R,Mayer A

更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The UPR (unfolded protein response) or ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress response was first described 20 years ago. The field of ER stress has expanded tremendously since, moving from basic biology in yeast to human neurodegenerative, inflammatory, cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. The ER stress response has als...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Cnop M,Igoillo-Esteve M,Cunha DA,Ladrière L,Eizirik DL

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Using the Edmonton protocol, a number of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus have remained insulin-independent for prolonged periods of time. In spite of this success, transplantation of islets from cadaver donors will remain a therapy for very few patients owing to a lack of donors. Thus, if cell therapy should be...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Semb H

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is increasing recognition that numerous neurodegenerative conditions have the same underlying pathogenetic mechanism, namely a change in protein conformation, where the beta-sheet content is increased. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid deposition in the form of neuritic plaques and congophilic angiopathy is driven...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Wisniewski T,Brown DR,Sigurdsson EM

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coagulation proteases are involved in a highly orchestrated proteolytic cascade which is essential for haemostasis and blood clotting. In particular, the initiator of the coagulation cascade, Factor VIIa, binds to its cofactor, tissue factor, and its substrate, Factor X, via exosite interactions to form a ternary cata...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Amour A,Hutchinson J,Ruiz Avendaño AM,Ratcliffe S,Alvarez E,Martin J,Toomey JR,Senger S,Wolfendale M,Mooney C

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PGs (prostaglandins) are synthesized through the cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1 and -2) pathway in a variety of cells in response to various physiological stimuli. All cells require at least one pathway for apoptosis, and mitochondrial play a central role in regulation of apoptosis. In a previous study, incubation of A549 cel...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Fang KM,Shu WH,Chang HC,Wang JJ,Mak OT

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a cobalt-containing modified tetrapyrrole that is an essential nutrient for higher animals. Its biosynthesis is restricted to certain bacteria and requires approximately 30 enzymatic steps for its complete de novo construction. Remarkably, two distinct biosynthetic pathways exist, which are ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Moore SJ,Warren MJ

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular, biochemical and genetic characterization of ornithine decarboxylase, S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase establishes that these polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes are essential for growth and survival of the agents that cause African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Heby O,Roberts SC,Ullman B

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although it is now well established that PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a key enzyme in several intracellular processes, there are still relatively few reports that precisely identify the specific isoforms of PI3K actually involved in such events. The lack of specific inhibitors has made it particularly difficult...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Falasca M,Maffucci T

更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD spectroscopy is an established and valuable technique for examining protein structure, dynamics and folding. Because of its ability to sensitively detect conformational changes, it has important potential for drug discovery, enabling screening for ligand and drug binding, and detection of potential candidates for n...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Wallace BA,Janes RW

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High glucose inhibits mitochondrial respiration, known as the 'Crabtree effect', in cancer cells and possibly other cell types. The upstream pathways regulating this phenomenon are poorly understood. In diabetes, where glucose levels are elevated, the p90(RSK) (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) has received much attention as a...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Redman EK,Brookes PS,Karcz MK

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Targeting of estrogen receptor is commonly used as a first-line treatment for hormone-positive breast cancer patients, and is considered as a keystone of systemic cancer therapy. Likewise, HER2-targeted therapy significantly improved the survival of HER2-positive breast cancer patients, indicating that targeted therap...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Lev S

更新日期：2020-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the last 10 years, during the lifetime of the nitrogen cycle meetings, structural biology, coupled with spectroscopy, has had a major impact of our understanding enzymology of the nitrogen cycle. The three-dimensional structures for many of the key enzymes have now been resolved and have provided a wealth of info...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Butler CS,Richardson DJ

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mitochondrial outer membrane separates the intermembrane space from the cytosol. The whole exchange of metabolites, cations and information between mitochondria and the cell occurs through the outer membrane. Experimental evidence is reviewed supporting the hypothesis of dynamic ADP compartmentation within the int...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Gellerich FN,Trumbeckaite S,Opalka JR,Seppet E,Rasmussen HN,Neuhoff C,Zierz S

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The continuous battle for survival in the environment has led to the development or acquisition of sophisticated defence systems in bacteria. These defence systems have contributed to the survival of the bacterial species in the environment for millions of years. Some systems appear to have evolved in a number of path...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Louwen R,van Baarlen P

更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PABPs [poly(A)-binding proteins] bind to the poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNAs and are conserved in species ranging from yeast to human. The prototypical cytoplasmic member, PABP1, is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein with roles in global and mRNA-specific translation and stability, consistent with a function as a ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Smith RW,Blee TK,Gray NK

更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic experiments have established an important role for the ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8) in the regulation of cell growth, viability and development. It is therefore essential to identify the molecular targets for the pathway. Until recently, the c...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Xirodimas DP

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on recent insights into the mechanisms and the biological functions of the proteasome. This large ATP-dependent proteolytic complex is the main site for protein degradation in mammalian cells and catalyses the rapid degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, and is the source of most antigenic peptides...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Goldberg AL

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Activation of the BCR (B cell antigen receptor) stimulates the production of both PtdIns(3,4,5) P3 and Ins(1,4,5) P3. PtdIns(3,4,5) P3 and Ins(1,4,5) P3 are generated from a common substrate, PtdIns(4,5) P2. In some systems, continuous PtdIns(4,5) P2 synthesis is necessary for maximal Ins(1,4,5) P3 production, but whe...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Carpenter CL

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A decline in mitochondrial function has long been shown to exist in neurodegenerative disease. Whether this decline is a secondary consequence of other factors or whether it causes the eventual death of a cell is unknown. In this review, we will discuss some of the major evidence surrounding mitochondrial DNA mutation...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Krishnan KJ,Reeve AK,Turnbull DM

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signalling pathway. Similar to TGF-β, the complex roles of BMPs in development and disease are demonstrated by their dichotomous roles in various cancers and cancer stages. Although early studies implicated BMP signalling in t...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Jiramongkolchai P,Owens P,Hong CC

更新日期：2016-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We have been analysing the signalling systems that couple to receptors of the TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) family, which signal through a common cytoplasm region; the TIR domain. These systems are of both practical and fundamental biological significance, being central to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Dower SK,Qwarnstrom EE

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Site-specific recombinases are enzymes that promote precise rearrangements of DNA sequences. They do this by cutting and rejoining the DNA strands at specific positions within a pair of target sites recognized and bound by the recombinase. One group of these enzymes, the serine recombinases, initiates strand exchange ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Marshall Stark W,Boocock MR,Olorunniji FJ,Rowland SJ

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) family of lipid kinases regulate cell motility in diverse organisms and cell types. In mammals, the main PI3K enzyme activated by chemokine receptor signalling is the class IB isoform, p110gamma. Studies of p110gamma-knockout mice have shown an essential function for this isoform i...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Oak JS,Matheu MP,Parker I,Cahalan MD,Fruman DA

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most research strategies for cartilage tissue engineering use extended culture with complex media loaded with costly GFs (growth factors) to drive tissue assembly and yet they result in the production of cartilage with inferior mechanical and structural properties compared with the natural tissue. Recent evidence sugg...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Ayerst BI,Day AJ,Nurcombe V,Cool SM,Merry CL

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transcript is populated with numerous overlapping codes that regulate all steps of gene expression. Deciphering these codes is very challenging due to the large number of variables involved, the non-modular nature of the codes, biases and limitations in current experimental approaches, our limited knowledge in gen...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Bahiri-Elitzur S,Tuller T

更新日期：2020-08-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial hydrogenases have been harnessed to the removal of heavy metals from solution by reduction to less soluble metal species. For Pd(II), its bioreduction results in the deposition of cell-bound Pd(0)-nanoparticles that are ferromagnetic and have a high catalytic activity. Hydrogenases can also be used synthetic...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Macaskie LE,Baxter-Plant VS,Creamer NJ,Humphries AC,Mikheenko IP,Mikheenko PM,Penfold DW,Yong P

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gap junctions are channels which allow electrical signals to propagate through the heart from the sinoatrial node and through the atria, conduction system and onwards to the ventricles, and hence are essential for co-ordinated cardiac contraction. Twelve connexin (Cx) proteins make up one gap junction channel, of whic...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： McArthur L,Chilton L,Smith GL,Nicklin SA

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00