Size and complexity in model financial systems.

abstract：:Cultured rat embryo cells are resistant to neoplastic transformation by chemical carcinogens unless they are extensively subcultured or infected with a murine leukemia virus (MuLV) first. We found that, in normal cultured cells, MuLV activates expression of rat genes that are the progenitors of sarcoma virus genes, b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kimball PC,Simon MC,Mishra NK

更新日期：1980-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lizards and snakes putatively arose between the early Jurassic and late Triassic; they diversified worldwide and now occupy many different ecological niches, making them ideal for testing theories on the origin of ecological traits. We propose and test the "deep history hypothesis," which claims that differences in ec...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Vitt LJ,Pianka ER

更新日期：2005-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Stromal cell lines were established from canine long-term marrow cultures, cloned by limiting dilution, and maintained in stromal cell-conditioned medium. These cells grew adherent, maintained stable growth rate and morphology under standard conditions (in 20-30% conditioned medium; confluency, 70-90%), and supported ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huss R,Hong DS,McSweeney PA,Hoy CA,Deeg HJ

更新日期：1995-01-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Highly multiplexed assays using antibody coated, fluorescent (xMap) beads are widely used to measure quantities of soluble analytes, such as cytokines and antibodies in clinical and other studies. Current analyses of these assays use methods based on standard curves that have limitations in detecting low or high abund...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Won JH,Goldberger O,Shen-Orr SS,Davis MM,Olshen RA

更新日期：2012-02-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Light-grown, wild type Euglena gracilis contains two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for both phenylalanine and isoleucine. Only one of the two synthetases for each amino acid is found in isolated chloroplasts, as are the light-induced phenylalanine and isoleucine tRNAs. In each case the light-induced chloroplast tRNAs can...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Reger BJ,Fairfield SA,Epler JL,Barnett WE

更新日期：1970-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:mAbs against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens have the potential to play a prominent role in cancer immunotherapy. However, it has not been possible to fully exploit the clinical utility of such antibodies primarily, because those of adequate affinity could be derived only from murine sources. To address this pr...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mao S,Gao C,Lo CH,Wirsching P,Wong CH,Janda KD

更新日期：1999-06-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphorylation plays a critical role in controlling the function of cytoskeletal assemblies but no direct method yet exists to measure the phosphorylation state of proteins at the level of individual molecules and assemblies. Herein, we apply scanning transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron ener...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Leapman RD,Gallant PE,Reese TS,Andrews SB

更新日期：1997-07-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand reported as having neurotrophic activity. We show that modification of rapamycin at the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) binding region yields immunophilin ligands, WYE-592 and ILS-920, with potent neurotrophic activities in cortical neuronal cultures, efficacy...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ruan B,Pong K,Jow F,Bowlby M,Crozier RA,Liu D,Liang S,Chen Y,Mercado ML,Feng X,Bennett F,von Schack D,McDonald L,Zaleska MM,Wood A,Reinhart PH,Magolda RL,Skotnicki J,Pangalos MN,Koehn FE,Carter GT,Abou-Gharbia M

更新日期：2008-01-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Human liver alkaline phosphatase [ortho-phosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] was purified, and some of its physical and chemical properties were examined and compared to those of human placental alkaline phosphatase. The results indicated a different peptide structure for each, based u...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Badger KS,Sussman HH

更新日期：1976-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The neo (neomycin-resistance) gene of transposon Tn5 encodes the enzyme neomycin phosphotransferase II (EC 2.7.1.95), which confers resistance to various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kanamycin and G418. The gene is widely used as a selectable marker in the transformation of organisms as diverse as bacteria, y...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yenofsky RL,Fine M,Pellow JW

更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Translation of injected mRNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis has been used as a highly sensitive and quantitative assay for interferon mRNA. Injection into oocytes of polyadenylylated RNA extracted from poly(I).poly(C)-induced human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4) leads to the synthesis of biologically active human fibroblast...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sehgal PB,Dobberstein B,Tamm I

更新日期：1977-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human skin and lung mast cells and rodent peritoneal mast cells contain a carboxypeptidase in their secretory granules. We have screened human lung cDNA libraries with a mouse mast cell carboxypeptidase A (MC-CPA) cDNA probe to isolate a near-full-length cDNA that encodes human MC-CPA. The 5' end of the human MC-CPA t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Reynolds DS,Gurley DS,Stevens RL,Sugarbaker DJ,Austen KF,Serafin WE

更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lithium is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of manic depressive illness. The precise mechanisms underlying its clinical efficacy remain unknown. We found that long-term exposure to lithium chloride dramatically protects cultured rat cerebellar, cerebral cortical, and hippocampal neurons against glutamate-...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nonaka S,Hough CJ,Chuang DM

更新日期：1998-03-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Animal epithelial tissue becomes reproducibly colonized by specific environmental bacteria. The bacteria (microbiota) perform critical functions for the host's tissue development, immune system development, and nutrition; yet the processes by which bacterial diversity in the environment is selected to assemble the cor...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brooks JF 2nd,Gyllborg MC,Cronin DC,Quillin SJ,Mallama CA,Foxall R,Whistler C,Goodman AL,Mandel MJ

更新日期：2014-12-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents riboflavin-based metabolites to Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells. While MR1 egress to the cell surface is ligand-dependent, the ability of small-molecule ligands to impact on MR1 cellular trafficking remains unknown. Arising from an in silico screen of the MR1 li...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Salio M,Awad W,Veerapen N,Gonzalez-Lopez C,Kulicke C,Waithe D,Martens AWJ,Lewinsohn DM,Hobrath JV,Cox LR,Rossjohn J,Besra GS,Cerundolo V

更新日期：2020-05-12 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1999, the population of Vancouver Island, Canada, began to experience an outbreak of a fatal fungal disease caused by a highly virulent lineage of Cryptococcus gattii. This organism has recently spread to the Canadian mainland and Pacific Northwest, but the molecular cause of the outbreak remains unknown. Here we s...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ma H,Hagen F,Stekel DJ,Johnston SA,Sionov E,Falk R,Polacheck I,Boekhout T,May RC

更新日期：2009-08-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein-DNA interactions were studied in vivo at the region containing a human DNA replication origin, located at the 3' end of the lamin B2 gene and partially overlapping the promoter of another gene, located downstream. DNase I treatment of nuclei isolated from both exponentially growing and nonproliferating HL-60 c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Dimitrova DS,Giacca M,Demarchi F,Biamonti G,Riva S,Falaschi A

更新日期：1996-02-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Taz1 is a hybrid signal-transducing membrane receptor between Tar, an aspartate chemoreceptor, and EnvZ, an osmosensor of Escherichia coli that is able to induce ompC expression by phosphorylating OmpR (a transcriptional activator) in response to aspartate. When the Taz1 His-277, the proposed autophosphorylation site ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yang Y,Inouye M

更新日期：1991-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major glycolipid that is present in the outer membranes (OMs) of most Gram-negative bacteria. LPS molecules are assembled with divalent metal cations in the outer leaflet of the OM to form an impervious layer that prevents toxic compounds from entering the cell. For most Gram-negative b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chng SS,Ruiz N,Chimalakonda G,Silhavy TJ,Kahne D

更新日期：2010-03-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Complete inactivation of the human retinoblastoma gene (RB) is believed to be an essential step in tumorigenesis of several different cancers. To provide a framework for understanding inactivation mechanisms, the structure of RB was delineated. The RB transcript is encoded in 27 exons dispersed over about 200 kilobase...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hong FD,Huang HJ,To H,Young LJ,Oro A,Bookstein R,Lee EY,Lee WH

更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An expression is produced for the Casimir energy of a dielectric medium with a spherically symmetrical dielectric discontinuity. Tests based on dielectric and geometrical limits are successful. ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schwinger J

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) has been postulated to function either as a negative regulator or as a possible target protein of Ras in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. Ras must be localized in the plasma membrane of vertebrate cells to function, but GAP is localized in the cytosol. To test whether Ras functi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gibbs JB,Schaber MD,Schofield TL,Scolnick EM,Sigal IS

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) catalyzes the oxidation of l-cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid. Deficiencies in this enzyme have been linked to autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders. The x-ray crystal structure of CDO from Mus musculus was solved to a nominal resolution of 1.75 Angstroms. The sequence is 91% iden...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： McCoy JG,Bailey LJ,Bitto E,Bingman CA,Aceti DJ,Fox BG,Phillips GN Jr

更新日期：2006-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The light-harvesting phycobilisome in cyanobacteria and red algae requires the lyase-catalyzed chromophorylation of phycobiliproteins. There are three functionally distinct lyase families known. The heterodimeric E/F type is specific for attaching bilins covalently to α-subunits of phycocyanins and phycoerythrins. Unl...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zhao C,Höppner A,Xu QZ,Gärtner W,Scheer H,Zhou M,Zhao KH

更新日期：2017-12-12 00:00:00

abstract：:We present a physical and molecular genetic characterization of Drosophila melanogaster TFIIE (dTFIIE), a component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus. We have purified dTFIIE to near homogeneity from nuclear extracts of Drosophila embryos and found that it is composed of two subunits with apparent...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wang X,Hansen SK,Ratts R,Zhou S,Snook AJ,Zehring W

更新日期：1997-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are among the most common causes of diarrheal illness and death due to diarrhea among young children in low-/middle-income countries (LMICs). ETEC have also been associated with important sequelae including malnutrition and stunting, placing children at further risk of death...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sheikh A,Tumala B,Vickers TJ,Alvarado D,Ciorba MA,Bhuiyan TR,Qadri F,Singer BB,Fleckenstein JM

更新日期：2020-11-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Interactions between swimming cells and surfaces are essential to many microbiological processes, from bacterial biofilm formation to human fertilization. However, despite their fundamental importance, relatively little is known about the physical mechanisms that govern the scattering of flagellated or ciliated cells ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kantsler V,Dunkel J,Polin M,Goldstein RE

更新日期：2013-01-22 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular mechanism of growth hormone release by synthetic somatocrinin was investigated on purified hog anterior pituitary secretory granules; the granules were found to contain a cAMP-dependent protein kinase that catalyzed [gamma-32P]-ATP histone phosphorylation with maximal rates ranging from 1 to 5 nmol of Pi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lewin MJ,Reyl-Desmars F,Ling N

更新日期：1983-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The formation of viable genetic chimeras in mammals through the transfer of cells between siblings in utero is rare. Using microsatellite DNA markers, we show here that chimerism in marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii) twins is not limited to blood-derived hematopoietic tissues as was previously described. All somatic tissue ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ross CN,French JA,Ortí G

更新日期：2007-04-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Several of the best-studied sex differences in the mammalian brain are ascribed to the hormonal control of cell death. This conclusion is based primarily on correlations between pyknotic cell counts in development and counts of mature neurons in adulthood; the molecular mechanisms of hormone-regulated, sexually dimorp...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Forger NG,Rosen GJ,Waters EM,Jacob D,Simerly RB,de Vries GJ

更新日期：2004-09-14 00:00:00