Abstract:
:Complete inactivation of the human retinoblastoma gene (RB) is believed to be an essential step in tumorigenesis of several different cancers. To provide a framework for understanding inactivation mechanisms, the structure of RB was delineated. The RB transcript is encoded in 27 exons dispersed over about 200 kilobases (kb) of genomic DNA. The length of individual exons ranges from 31 to 1889 base pairs (bp). The largest intron spans greater than 60 kb and the smallest one has only 80 bp. Deletion of exons 13-17 is frequently observed in various types of tumors, including retinoblastoma, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma, and the presence of a potential "hot spot" for recombination in the region is predicted. A putative "leucine-zipper" motif is exclusively encoded by exon 20. The detailed RB structure presented here should prove useful in defining potential functional domains of its encoded protein. Transcription of RB is initiated at multiple positions and the sequences surrounding the initiation sites have a high G + C content. A typical upstream TATA box is not present. Localization of the RB promoter region was accomplished by utilizing a heterologous expression system containing a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Deletion analysis revealed that a region as small as 70 bp is sufficient for RB promoter activity, similar to other previously characterized G + C-rich gene promoters. Several direct repeats and possible stem-and-loop structures are found in the promoter region. No enhancer element was detected within the 7.3 kb of upstream sequence studied. Several features of the RB promoter are reminiscent of the characteristics associated with many "housekeeping" genes, consistent with its ubiquitous expression pattern.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Hong FD,Huang HJ,To H,Young LJ,Oro A,Bookstein R,Lee EY,Lee WHdoi
10.1073/pnas.86.14.5502subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-07-01 00:00:00pages
5502-6issue
14eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
86pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) typically contain four stems composed of Watson-Crick (W-C) base pairs and infrequent mispairs such as G-U and A-C. The latter mispairs are fundamental units of RNA secondary structure found in nearly every class of RNA and are nearly isomorphic to W-C pairs. Therefore, they often subs...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0600592103
更新日期:2006-03-21 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant plasmids containing mutant or wild-type adenovirus serotype 2 EIa genes that produce the 12S mRNA alone, the 13S mRNA alone, or both mRNAs were cotransfected into HeLa cells with plasmids containing the viral EIIa or EIII transcription units. The amount of RNA produced from the EIIa and EIII promoters was ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.14.4381
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arf family GTP-binding proteins are best characterized as regulators of membrane traffic, but recent studies indicate an additional role in cytoskeletal organization. An Arf GTPase-activating protein of the centaurin beta family, ASAP1 (also known as centaurin beta4), binds Arf and two other known regulators of the ac...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.070552297
更新日期:2000-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::Cells transformed by Friend virus in liquid suspension culture respond to low concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide by initiating hemoglobin synthesis. The kinetics of appearance of such differentiated erythroid cells is consistent with either the induction of differentiation in a uniformly susceptible population of tra...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.7.2668
更新日期:1974-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have isolated and partially characterized an endonuclease involved in processing the 5' end of 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli. A mutant strain that is deficient in this enzyme accumulates a new precursor of 16S rRNA, named 16.3S rRNA. This rRNA has the 3' end of mature 16S rRNA but is about 60 nucleotides longer at t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.8.3598
更新日期:1978-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dihydropteridine reductase (EC 1.6.99.7) is a member of the recently identified family of proteins known as short-chain dehydrogenases. When the x-ray structure of dihydropteridine reductase is correlated with conserved amino acid sequences characteristic of this enzyme class, two important common structural regions c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5582
更新日期:1994-06-07 00:00:00
abstract::Soon after the initiation of sporulation, Bacillus subtilis divides asymmetrically to produce sister cells that have very different developmental fates. Recently, it has been proposed that the differential gene expression which begins soon after this division is due to cell-specific activation of the transcription fac...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3849
更新日期:1994-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::We have established a transformation system for Dictyostelium discoideum. The transformation vector contains the protein coding region of the Tn5 neomycin resistance gene fused to the proposed promoter of the Dictyostelium actin 8 gene; the vector also contains a sequence that acts as an autonomously replicating seque...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.23.7356
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to a current "RNA first" model for the origin of life, RNA emerged in some form on early Earth to become the first biopolymer to support Darwinism here. Threose nucleic acid (TNA) and other polyelectrolytes are also considered as the possible first Darwinian biopolymer(s). This model is being developed by re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1710778114
更新日期:2017-10-24 00:00:00
abstract::Metalloproteases from at least two Gram-negative organisms selectively hydrolyze the surface of human fixed washed platelets. The protease-treated platelets lose their ability to aggregate with bovine von Willebrand factor and human von Willebrand factor plus ristocetin. The present study reports the membrane glycopro...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.5.1433
更新日期:1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mast cells and nerve growth factor (NGF) have both been reported to be involved in neuroimmune interactions and tissue inflammation. In many peripheral tissues, mast cells interact with the innervating fibers. Changes in the behaviors of both of these elements occur after tissue injury/inflammation. As such conditions...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3739
更新日期:1994-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::Given the slow unfolding of what may become catastrophic changes to Earth's climate, many are understandably distraught by failures of public policy to rise to the magnitude of the challenge. Few in the science community would think to question the scientific response to the unfolding changes. However, is the science ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1906691116
更新日期:2019-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously encoded small noncoding RNAs, derived by processing of short RNA hairpins, that can inhibit the translation of mRNAs bearing partially complementary target sequences. In contrast, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which are derived by processing of long double-stranded RNAs and are o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1630797100
更新日期:2003-08-19 00:00:00
abstract::A murine monoclonal antibody (OKT9) raised against human leukemic cells binds to a wide variety of leukemia and tumor cell lines and to a minority of leukemia cells taken directly from patients. Fetal thymus and liver are strongly reactive as are some normal, immature hemopoietic cells and activated lymphocytes. React...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.7.4515
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibodies were raised against two synthetic peptides whose sequences correspond respectively to the COOH-terminal end (residues 501-516) of the protein encoded by the gene for the delta chain and to a proposed cytoplasmic region (residues 350-358) of the beta chain of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.2.626
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relying on a quantitative analysis of the patenting and assignment behavior of inventors, we highlight the evolution of institutions that encouraged trade in technology and a growing division of labor between those who invented new technologies and those who exploited them commercially over the nineteenth and early-tw...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.12686
更新日期:1996-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::GM54VA human cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) were fused with peritoneal macrophages obtained from three different mouse strains. All 27 hybrid clones studied were positive for SV40 tumor antigen in 100% of their cells and contained human chromosome 17. Human chromosome 17 was the only human chromosome pres...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.1.315
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ASCAPE agent-based modeling environment greatly eases the task of designing and investigating agent-based models. However, effective design can still require a relatively deep knowledge of programming and agent-based modeling. This issue has almost certainly slowed the adoption of agent-based modeling approaches t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.082081199
更新日期:2002-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid have been attached covalently to the 5' terminus of the deoxynucleotide sequence C-A-C-A-A-T-T-C-C-A-C-A-C-A-A-C (16-mer) via an ethylenediamine linker. In the presence of Fe2+ and dithiothreitol, these reagents bring about the hybridization-depend...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.4.963
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type IV pili (Tfp) are highly conserved macromolecular structures that fulfill diverse cellular functions, such as adhesion to host cells, the import of extracellular DNA, kin recognition, and cell motility (twitching). Outstandingly, twitching motility enables a poorly understood process by which highly coordinated g...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2002783117
更新日期:2020-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) represent a unique tool for the study of the pathophysiology of human disease, because these cells can be differentiated into multiple cell types in vitro and used to generate patient- and tissue-specific disease models. Given the critical role for skeletal muscle insulin res...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1525665113
更新日期:2016-02-16 00:00:00
abstract::This introduction to the Special Feature presents the context for science during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response, summarizes how scientific knowledge was integrated across disciplines and statutory responsibilities, identifies areas where scientific information was accurate and where it was not, and considers...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1204729109
更新日期:2012-12-11 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes parkinsonism in humans and subhuman primates, but not in rats and many other laboratory animals; mice are intermediate in their susceptibility. Since MPTP causes selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity when infused directly into rat sub...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3521
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Snakes are limbless predators, and many species use venom to help overpower relatively large, agile prey. Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures encoded by several multilocus gene families that function synergistically to cause incapacitation. To examine venom evolution, we sequenced and interrogated the genome of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1314702110
更新日期:2013-12-17 00:00:00
abstract::The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can cause infected red blood cells (iRBC) to form rosettes with uninfected RBC, a phenotype associated with severe malaria. Rosetting is mediated by a subset of the Plasmodium falciparum membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) variant adhesins expressed on the infected host-cell su...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1018692108
更新日期:2011-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::The sessile plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to modulate diverse biological processes, including plant innate immunity. Phosphorylation of the RLK/RLCK complex constitutes an essential step to initiate immune signaling. Two Arabidopsis pla...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1318817111
更新日期:2014-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of core histones in the regulation of DNA function by chromatin is clear. However, little is known about the role of the linker histone. We investigated the role of H1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during extensive transcriptional reprogramming in stationary phase. Although the levels of linker histone Hh...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0806337105
更新日期:2008-09-30 00:00:00
abstract::DPB11, a gene that suppresses mutations in two essential subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase II(epsilon) encoded by POL2 and DPB2, was isolated on a multicopy plasmid. The nucleotide sequence of the DPB11 gene revealed an open reading frame predicting an 87-kDa protein. This protein is homologous to th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.25.11791
更新日期:1995-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::Prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)) and its metabolites Delta(12)-PGJ(2) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) are naturally occurring derivatives of prostaglandin D(2) that have been suggested to exert antiinflammatory effects in vivo. 15d-PGJ(2) is a high-affinity ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated rec...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4844
更新日期:2000-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is an often fatal disease primarily affecting young women in which tuberin (TSC2)-null cells metastasize to the lungs. The mechanisms underlying the striking female predominance of LAM are unknown. We report here that 17-beta-estradiol (E(2)) causes a 3- to 5-fold increase in pulmonary m...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0810790106
更新日期:2009-02-24 00:00:00