Abstract:
:Lizards and snakes putatively arose between the early Jurassic and late Triassic; they diversified worldwide and now occupy many different ecological niches, making them ideal for testing theories on the origin of ecological traits. We propose and test the "deep history hypothesis," which claims that differences in ecological traits among species arose early in evolutionary history of major clades, and that present-day assemblages are structured largely because of ancient, preexisting differences. We combine phylogenetic data with ecological data collected over nearly 40 years to reconstruct the evolution of dietary shifts in squamate reptiles. Data on diets of 184 lizard species in 12 families from 4 continents reveal significant dietary shifts at 6 major divergence points, reducing variation by 79.8%. The most striking dietary divergence (27.6%) occurred in the late Triassic, when Iguania and Scleroglossa split. These two clades occupy different regions of dietary niche space. Acquisition of chemical prey discrimination, jaw prehension, and wide foraging provided scleroglossans access to sedentary and hidden prey that are unavailable to iguanians. This cladogenic event may have profoundly influenced subsequent evolutionary history and diversification. We suggest the hypothesis that ancient events in squamate cladogenesis, rather than present-day competition, caused dietary shifts in major clades such that some lizard clades gained access to new resources, which in turn led to much of the biodiversity observed today.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Vitt LJ,Pianka ERdoi
10.1073/pnas.0501104102keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-05-31 00:00:00pages
7877-81issue
22eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0501104102journal_volume
102pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Domain walls, commonly occurring at the interface of different phases in solid-state materials, have recently been harnessed at the structural scale to enable additional modes of functionality. Here, we combine experimental, numerical, and theoretical tools to investigate the domain walls emerging upon uniaxial compre...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2015847117
更新日期:2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Breast cancers show variable sensitivity to paclitaxel. There is no diagnostic test to identify tumors that are sensitive to this drug. We used U133A chips to identify genes that are associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) to preoperative paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy in stage I-III breast cancer (n = ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0408974102
更新日期:2005-06-07 00:00:00
abstract::Hox genes encode transcription factors that control spatial patterning during embryogenesis. To date, downstream targets of Hox genes have proven difficult to identify. Here, we describe studies designed to identify target genes under the control of the murine transcription factor Hoxc8. We used a mouse 16,463 gene ol...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0409700102
更新日期:2005-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::There is no effective treatment for the cardiomyopathy of the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, Friedreich's ataxia (FA). The identification of potentially toxic mitochondrial (MIT) iron (Fe) deposits in FA suggests that Fe plays a role in its pathogenesis. This study used the muscle creatine kinase conditional ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0804261105
更新日期:2008-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::The 2012-2015 drought has left California with severely reduced snowpack, soil moisture, ground water, and reservoir stocks, but the impact of this estimated millennial-scale event on forest health is unknown. We used airborne laser-guided spectroscopy and satellite-based models to assess losses in canopy water conten...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1523397113
更新日期:2016-01-12 00:00:00
abstract::Homeostasis of intravascular volume, Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) is interdependent and determined by the coordinated activities of structurally diverse mediators in the distal nephron and the distal colon. The behavior of these flux pathways is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; however, the mechanisms ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0611727104
更新日期:2007-03-06 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of three anti-inflammatory drugs, which interfere with arachidonic acid transformation by three different enzymes, have been compared by using a simple model of tissue damage and foreign body rejection. In groups of control rats, subcutaneously implanted polyester sponges were rejected after a mean of 12 d...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.9.2890
更新日期:1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated the pharmacologic and neurotoxic properties of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine [topa; the 6-hydroxylated derivative of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)] in central neurons. Application of solutions of topa to the chicken eyecup preparation results in glutamatergic responses mediated predominantly b...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4865
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 100 primary colorectal carcinomas, we demonstrate by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) that 33% show DNA copy number (DCN) loss involving PARK2, the gene encoding PARKIN, the E3 ubiquitin ligase whose deficiency is responsible for a form of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. PARK2 is located on...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1009941107
更新日期:2010-08-24 00:00:00
abstract::A simple and highly sensitive catalysis assay is demonstrated based on analyzing reactions with acridonetagged compounds by thin-layer chromatography. As little as 1 pmol of product is readily visualized by its blue fluorescence under UV illumination and identified by its retention factor (Rf). Each assay requires onl...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.9.4251
更新日期:1996-04-30 00:00:00
abstract::Na(+)-NQR is a unique respiratory enzyme that couples the free energy of electron transfer reactions to electrogenic pumping of sodium across the cell membrane. This enzyme is found in many marine and pathogenic bacteria where it plays an analogous role to the H(+)-pumping complex I. It has generally been assumed that...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1002866107
更新日期:2010-07-13 00:00:00
abstract::During primate evolution, a major factor in lengthening life-span and decreasing age-specific cancer rates may have been improved protective mechanisms against oxygen radicals. We propose that one of these protective systems is plasma uric acid, the level of which increased markedly during primate evolution as a conse...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6858
更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Salt and water secretion from intestinal epithelia requires enhancement of anion permeability across the apical membrane of Cl- secreting cells lining the crypt, the secretory gland of the intestine. Paneth cells located at the base of the small intestinal crypt release enteric defensins (cryptdins) apically into the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8585
更新日期:1997-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::Nannofossils section sign here described are from the middle Proterozoic Paradise Creek Formation, along Paradise Creek in northwestern Queensland, Australia. These fossils, in chert blebs associated with branched stromatolites, comprise cubic colonies analogous to living Eucapsis, a member of the blue-green algal fam...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.62.1.56
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::B-1 B cells have been proposed to be preferentially generated from fetal progenitors, but this view is challenged by studies concluding that B-1 production is sustained throughout adult life. To address this controversy, we compared the efficiency with which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and common lymphoid progenit...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1107172108
更新日期:2011-08-16 00:00:00
abstract::Production of mature erythrocytes requires multiple growth factors, but we do not know how their actions are coordinated. Here we show that erythroid progenitors from erythropoietin receptor (Epo-R)-/- fetal livers, infected in vitro with a retrovirus expressing the wild-type Epo-R, require addition of both Epo and st...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1806
更新日期:1997-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium and an emerging pathogen in humans. Transitioning from a smooth (S) high-glycopeptidolipid (GPL) producer to a rough (R) low-GPL producer is associated with increased virulence in zebrafish, which involves the formation of massive serpentine cords, absc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1605477113
更新日期:2016-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::The membrane attack complex of complement is a fusion product of five complement proteins: C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9. The complex causes complement-dependent cell membrane damage. It is assembled following complement activation both on the target cell surface and in the fluid phase. The isolated soluble complex, which h...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.5.1687
更新日期:1975-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transport of moisture in the tropics is a critical process for the global energy budget and on geologic timescales, has markedly influenced continental landscapes, migratory pathways, and biological evolution. Here we present a continuous, first-of-its-kind 1.3-My record of continental hydroclimate and lake-level ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1512864112
更新日期:2015-12-22 00:00:00
abstract::Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) generates millions of short sequence tags corresponding to transcripts from a single RNA preparation. Most MPSS tags can be unambiguously assigned to genes, thereby generating a comprehensive expression profile of the tissue of origin. From the comparison of MPSS data fro...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0502583102
更新日期:2005-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::The ecological niche is a key concept for elucidating patterns of species distributions and developing strategies for conserving biodiversity. However, recent times are seeing a widespread debate whether species niches are conserved across space and time (niche conservatism hypothesis). Biological invasions represent ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2004289117
更新日期:2020-09-22 00:00:00
abstract::The binding of chylomicron remnants rat liver plasma membranes was studied. Liver membranes bound up to 8 times more remnants than they bound chylomicrons. The remnant particle appeared to bind to the membrane as a unit. Remnant binding was greatest to liver plasma membrane; only one third as much binding was observed...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.1.338
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cellular progenitors of the coronary vasculature are believed to enter the chicken heart during epicardial morphogenesis between stages 17 and 27 (days 3-5) of egg incubation. To trace cells which give rise to the coronary arteries in vivo, we applied retroviral cell tagging procedures and analyzed clonal populations ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.20.9504
更新日期:1992-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Many discoveries in cell biology rely on making specific proteins visible within their native cellular environment. There are various genetically encoded tags, such as fluorescent proteins, developed for fluorescence microscopy (FM). However, there are almost no genetically encoded tags that enable cellular proteins t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1808626115
更新日期:2018-12-18 00:00:00
abstract::Interest in cell-associated collagens led others to isolate A and B collagen chains, also known as type V collagen, from many tissues, but only after pepsin cleavage. Soluble precursors of these chains are synthesized in vitro by crop, a chicken embryo muscle tissue, and are converted by at least two processing steps ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6434
更新日期:1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measles still remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Measles virus (MV) vaccines are highly successful, but the mechanism underlying their efficacy has been unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of the MV attachment protein, hemagglutinin, responsible for MV entry. The receptor-b...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0707830104
更新日期:2007-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::Paramyxoviruses are enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses that cause a wide spectrum of human and animal diseases. The viral genome, packaged by the nucleoprotein (N), serves as a template for the polymerase complex, composed of the large protein (L) and the homo-tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). The ∼250-...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1919837117
更新日期:2020-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Theory predicts that double-core-hole (DCH) spectroscopy can provide a new powerful means of differentiating between similar chemical systems with a sensitivity not hitherto possible. Although DCH ionization on a single site in molecules was recently measured with double- and single-photon absorption, double-core hole...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1111380108
更新日期:2011-10-11 00:00:00
abstract::Following proteolytic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, clot assembly commences with formation of double-stranded fibrils that subsequently branch extensively in forming a three-dimensional network. Plasmin digests of fibrin clots that had first been covalently crosslinked by plasma transglutaminase (factor XIIIa) c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.4.1113
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We exploit the unusual genome organization of the ciliate cell to analyze the control of specific gene amplification during a nuclear differentiation process. Ciliates contain two types of nuclei within one cell, the macronucleus and the micronucleus; and after sexual reproduction a new macronucleus is formed from a m...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1009284107
更新日期:2010-12-21 00:00:00