Separating the effects of internal friction and transition state energy to explain the slow, frustrated folding of spectrin domains.

abstract：:Atomically precise metal clusters have attracted increasing interest owing to their unique size-dependent properties; however, little has been known about the effect of size on the catalytic properties of metal clusters at the single-cluster level. Here, by real-time monitoring with single-molecule fluorescence micros...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Zhang Y,Song P,Chen T,Liu X,Chen T,Wu Z,Wang Y,Xie J,Xu W

更新日期：2018-10-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The study of specific trans-acting transcription factors in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes has been greatly facilitated by genetic analysis of mutant strains deficient in such factors. We have developed such a system to study mammalian trans-acting factors that regulate the transcription of class II major histocompa...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Calman AF,Peterlin BM

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite enormous body plan variation, genes regulating embryonic development are highly conserved. Here, we probe the mechanisms that predispose ancient regulatory genes to reutilization and diversification rather than evolutionary loss. The Hox gene fushi tarazu (ftz) arose as a homeotic gene but functions as a pair-...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Heffer A,Xiang J,Pick L

更新日期：2013-02-05 00:00:00

abstract：:At the neuromuscular junction, two motor neuron-derived signals have been implicated in the regulation of synaptogenesis. Neuregulin-1 is thought to induce transcription of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) genes in subsynaptic muscle nuclei by activating ErbB receptors. Neural agrin aggregates AChRs by activating the rec...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Moore C,Leu M,Müller U,Brenner HR

更新日期：2001-12-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphatase PP2A expression levels are positively correlated to the clinical severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and IL17A cytokine overproduction, indicating a potential role of PP2A in controlling TH17 differentiation and inflammation. By generating a mouse strain with ablation of the catalytic subunit α ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Xu Q,Jin X,Zheng M,Rohila D,Fu G,Wen Z,Lou J,Wu S,Sloan R,Wang L,Hu H,Gao X,Lu L

更新日期：2019-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Strength and other mechanical properties of cement and concrete rely upon the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) during cement hydration. Controlling structure and properties of the C-S-H phase is a challenge, due to the complexity of this hydration product and of the mechanisms that drive its precipitatio...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ioannidou K,Krakowiak KJ,Bauchy M,Hoover CG,Masoero E,Yip S,Ulm FJ,Levitz P,Pellenq RJ,Del Gado E

更新日期：2016-02-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Copper homeostasis is essential for bacterial pathogen fitness and infection, and has been the focus of a number of recent studies. In Salmonella, envelope protection against copper overload and macrophage survival depends on CueP, a major copper-binding protein in the periplasm. This protein is also required to deliv...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pezza A,Pontel LB,López C,Soncini FC

更新日期：2016-10-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Cancer vaccines genetically engineered to produce interleukin 2 have been investigated intensively in a series of animal models and are at the point of entering into clinical trials. In this study we demonstrate a strong correlation between the rate of interleukin 2 production and the protection efficiency of murine S...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schmidt W,Schweighoffer T,Herbst E,Maass G,Berger M,Schilcher F,Schaffner G,Birnstiel ML

更新日期：1995-05-09 00:00:00

abstract：:A census of the biomass on Earth is key for understanding the structure and dynamics of the biosphere. However, a global, quantitative view of how the biomass of different taxa compare with one another is still lacking. Here, we assemble the overall biomass composition of the biosphere, establishing a census of the ≈5...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bar-On YM,Phillips R,Milo R

更新日期：2018-06-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Spatial organization of the binding sites for the priming substrate, the template DNA, and the transcription inhibitor rifampicin (Rif) in Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was probed with chimeric compounds in which Rif is covalently attached to a ribonucleotide. The compounds bind to RNA polymerase in bif...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mustaev A,Zaychikov E,Severinov K,Kashlev M,Polyakov A,Nikiforov V,Goldfarb A

更新日期：1994-12-06 00:00:00

abstract：:There is pronounced seasonal plasticity in the morphology of the neural circuits that regulate song behavior in adult songbirds, primarily in response to changes in plasma testosterone (T) levels. Most song nuclei have androgen receptors. Afferent input from the telencephalic nucleus HVc (also known as the "high vocal...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brenowitz EA,Lent K

更新日期：2002-09-17 00:00:00

abstract：:India's northward flight and collision with Asia was a major driver of global tectonics in the Cenozoic and, we argue, of atmospheric CO(2) concentration (pCO(2)) and thus global climate. Subduction of Tethyan oceanic crust with a carpet of carbonate-rich pelagic sediments deposited during transit beneath the high-pro...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kent DV,Muttoni G

更新日期：2008-10-21 00:00:00

abstract：:We recently showed that culture-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes (CMT), but not epimastigotes (Epi), of the Miranda 88 strain of Trypanosoma cruzi evade lysis by the human alternative complement pathway because of inefficient binding of factor B to complement component C3b on the parasite surface. These results sugg...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rimoldi MT,Sher A,Heiny S,Lituchy A,Hammer CH,Joiner K

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Splenic lymphocytes from a Lewis rat, immunized with purified estradiol-receptor complex of calf uterine nuclei, were fused with cells of three different mouse myeloma lines (P3-X63-Ag8, P3-NSI/I-Ag4-1, and Sp2/0-Ag14) to yield hybridoma cultures, 9% of which produced antibodies to the receptor protein (estrophilin). ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Greene GL,Fitch FW,Jensen EV

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a critical signaling hub responsible for translating antigen binding signals to immune receptors for the activation of the AP-1 and NF-κB master transcriptional programs. Despite its importance, known substrates of TAK1 are limited to kinases of the MAPK and IKK families and include ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Levin RS,Hertz NT,Burlingame AL,Shokat KM,Mukherjee S

更新日期：2016-08-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Drosophila ovo/svb (dovo) is required for epidermal cuticle/denticle differentiation and is genetically downstream of the wg signaling pathway. Similarly, a mouse homolog of dovo, movo1, is required for the proper formation of hair, a mammalian epidermal appendage. Here, we provide biochemical evidence that movo1 enco...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Li B,Mackay DR,Dai Q,Li TW,Nair M,Fallahi M,Schonbaum CP,Fantes J,Mahowald AP,Waterman ML,Fuchs E,Dai X

更新日期：2002-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Immune responses to several soluble antigens were compared between B6.C-H-2bm12 mutant and wild-type B6 mice by using a lymph node T-cell proliferation assay. B6.C-H-2bm12 mice failed to respond to beef insulin whereas other IA gene-controlled responses, such as response to poly(L-Tyr, L-Glu)--poly(DL-Ala, L-Lys) and ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lin CC,Rosenthal AS,Passmore HC,Hansen TH

更新日期：1981-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gene IL-3 encodes interleukin 3, a hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor (CSF) that is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. By using somatic cell hybrids and in situ chromosomal hybridization, we localized this gene to human chromosome 5 at bands q23-31, a chromos...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Le Beau MM,Epstein ND,O'Brien SJ,Nienhuis AW,Yang YC,Clark SC,Rowley JD

更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We identified a viral IL-10 homolog encoded by an ORF (UL111a) within the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) genome, which we designated cmvIL-10. cmvIL-10 can bind to the human IL-10 receptor and can compete with human IL-10 for binding sites, despite the fact that these two proteins are only 27% identical. cmvIL-10 require...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kotenko SV,Saccani S,Izotova LS,Mirochnitchenko OV,Pestka S

更新日期：2000-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Injection of rat kidney cortex mRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes leads to a stimulation of Na(+)-dependent SO4(2-) uptake. Based on this information, we have isolated from a corresponding library a cDNA (NaSi-1) that is most likely related to a Na+/SO4(2-) cotransport system. NaSi-1 cRNA leads in a time- and dose-depen...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Markovich D,Forgo J,Stange G,Biber J,Murer H

更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present throughout life in rodents and plays an important role in energy balance. However, whereas BAT is clearly recognizable in the neonates of larger mammals (including dogs, cats, sheep, cattle, and humans), it is undetectable or present in only small quantities in adults of these spe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Champigny O,Ricquier D,Blondel O,Mayers RM,Briscoe MG,Holloway BR

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The utility of adenovirus (Ad) vectors for gene transduction can be limited by receptor specificity. We developed a gene-delivery vehicle in which the potent Ad5 vector was genetically reengineered to display the mucosal-targeting sigma1 protein of reovirus type 3 Dearing (T3D). A sigma1 construct containing all but a...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mercier GT,Campbell JA,Chappell JD,Stehle T,Dermody TS,Barry MA

更新日期：2004-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The solution conformations of 2-substituted derivatives of 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole have been determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. It is shown that analogs with methyl, amino, or methylamino substituents at position 2 of the benzimidazole ring (position 8 of the purine ring)...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Miles DW,Townsend LB,Miles DL,Eyring H

更新日期：1979-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The carbon budget and dynamics of the Earth's interior, including the core, are currently very poorly understood. Diamond-bearing, mantle-derived rocks show a very well defined peak at δ(13)C ≈ -5 ± 3‰ with a very broad distribution to lower values (∼-40‰). The processes that have produced the wide δ(13)C distribution...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Horita J,Polyakov VB

更新日期：2015-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The retrotransposons that maintain telomeres in Drosophila melanogaster have unique features that are shared across all Drosophila species but are not found in other retrotransposons. Comparative analysis of these features provides insight into their importance for telomere maintenance in Drosophila. Gag proteins enco...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Casacuberta E,Marín FA,Pardue ML

更新日期：2007-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Death of pancreatic β cells is a pathological hallmark of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the molecular mechanisms of β cell death and its regulation are poorly understood. Here we describe a unique regulatory pathway of β cell death that comprises microRNA-21, its target tumor suppressor PDCD4, and its upstream trans...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ruan Q,Wang T,Kameswaran V,Wei Q,Johnson DS,Matschinsky F,Shi W,Chen YH

更新日期：2011-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:We present an automated laser tracking and optogenetic manipulation system (ALTOMS) for studying social memory in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). ALTOMS comprises an intelligent central control module for high-speed fly behavior analysis and feedback laser scanning (∼40 frames per second) for targeting two lase...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wu MC,Chu LA,Hsiao PY,Lin YY,Chi CC,Liu TH,Fu CC,Chiang AS

更新日期：2014-04-08 00:00:00

abstract：:CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) recently emerged as an essential player in the inflammatory response to bacterial infections. C/EBPδ levels increase rapidly after a proinflammatory stimulus, and increasing C/EBPδ levels seem to be indispensable for amplification of the inflammatory response. Here we aimed to...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Duitman J,Schouten M,Groot AP,Borensztajn KS,Daalhuisen JB,Florquin S,van der Poll T,Spek CA

更新日期：2012-06-05 00:00:00

abstract：:We have identified a protein present only in erythroid cells that binds to two adjacent sites within an enhancer region of the chicken beta-globin locus. Mutation of the sites, so that binding by the factor can no longer be detected in vitro, leads to a loss of enhancing ability, assayed by transient expression in pri...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Evans T,Reitman M,Felsenfeld G

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Changes in external light patterns can alter cell activities in peripheral tissues through slow entrainment of the central clock in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It remains unclear whether cells in otherwise photo-insensitive tissues can achieve rapid responses to changes in external light. Here we show that light st...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fan SM,Chang YT,Chen CL,Wang WH,Pan MK,Chen WP,Huang WY,Xu Z,Huang HE,Chen T,Plikus MV,Chen SK,Lin SJ

更新日期：2018-07-17 00:00:00