Abstract:
:Ammonia is a toxic by-product of amino acid catabolism and a common environmental pollutant that has been associated with increased disease susceptibility in fish although the mechanism is not well understood. We addressed the hypothesis that elevated environmental ammonia acts by impairing the acute phase response (APR). Specifically, we determined the impact of sub-lethal acute (24 h) and chronic (14 d) ammonia exposure on acute phase protein gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in response to a challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS: i.p. 10 μg/g after 24h). A panel of LPS-responsive genes (SAA, HAMP, LECT2, Hp and IL1β) were identified and evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Ammonia was found to impair induction of SAA, HAMP and LECT2 by 50-90%. Both short (15 min, 1h and 24h) and long-term (14 days) exposure to high environmental ammonia concentrations significantly elevated whole-body cortisol levels compared with control fish. Our results reveal for the first time that exposure to high environmental levels of ammonia suppresses the innate immune response in fish. We hypothesize that high environmental ammonia-mediated elevation of cortisol levels in zebrafish may be playing a key role in this immunosuppression, while the mechanisms involved remains to be elucidated.
journal_name
Dev Comp Immunoljournal_title
Developmental and comparative immunologyauthors
Gonçalves AF,Páscoa I,Neves JV,Coimbra J,Vijayan MM,Rodrigues P,Wilson JMdoi
10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-02-01 00:00:00pages
279-88issue
2eissn
0145-305Xissn
1879-0089pii
S0145-305X(11)00123-6journal_volume
36pub_type
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