Abstract：
:It is a long-standing belief that the size of the difference between the poor (lower social groups) and the rich (higher social groups) in health outcomes will vary according to the characteristics of the area. However typical approaches to analyses of this kind of question violate standard statistical assumption. The basic problem is how to estimate the size of a 'ward effect' (the disadvantage of living in a 'poor' ward over and above effects associated with individual or household circumstances). This is complicated by the hypothesized existence of intra-ward correlated errors; the only way to avoid this bias is to explicitly model the different variance components using multi-level modelling techniques. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate this technique. Analysis using several of the health outcomes in the Health and Lifestyle Survey data, suggests that the ward effect is quite substantial, and remains after 'controlling for' age, gender and several other socio-demographic variables. This 'ward effect' appears to be best represented by the proportions without access to a car and the preponderance of working class members (RGSC IV and V) in the population. Whilst the verdict on the original hypothesis remains 'not proven', the hypothesis has been shown to be more complex than its simplistic statement suggests. The analyses have shown how to unpack these complexities and, more generally, have illustrated the power of the multi-level modelling technique.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Humphreys K,Carr-Hill Rdoi
10.1093/ije/20.1.251subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-03-01 00:00:00pages
251-8issue
1eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:Neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) may affect rich and poor residents differentially. Two models are proposed. Model 1: living in a non-deprived neighbourhood is better for health because better collective material and social resources are available. Model 2: being poor (rich) relative to the neighbour...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyg084
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using data from seven malformation monitoring systems around the world, the feasibility of monitoring fresh dominant mutations using skeletal dysplasias was explored. Based on a total of over 9.5 million births, 1500 infants with skeletal dysplasias were identified (16 per 100,000). In spite of efforts to get exact di...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/22.1.107
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is increasing recognition that the concepts traditionally taught by epidemiologists are essential for all medical graduates, most of whom will be clinicians, and not just for the minority who will specialize in population-based disciplines. This paper presents the recommendations of a Canadian conference which c...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/6.1.69
更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It is unclear when in the life course do social inequalities in inflammation emerge. We examined whether the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) is determined at conception, in childhood, adolescence or adulthood in 1484 participants from the population-based Cardiov...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dym244
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Bloodstream infections (BSI) cause considerable morbidity and mortality, and primary prevention should be a priority. Lifestyle factors are of particular interest since they represent a modifiable target. Methods:We conducted a prospective cohort study among participants in the population-based Norwegian HU...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyx091
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:International rankings of infant mortality rates have been consistently lower for the US than other industrialized countries, and this ranking has been falling. This study examines the influence of birth registrations among very low birthweight infants on these international rankings. METHODS:Birth rates of...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/24.3.583
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and white women residents of North Carolina, were evaluated to determine whether specific aspects of lactation are associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer. METHODS:Analyse...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/28.3.396
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite reporting lower levels of alcohol consumption, people with lower socio-economic status (SES) experience greater alcohol-related harm. Whether differential biases in the measurement of alcohol use could explain this apparent paradox is unknown. Using alcohol biomarkers to account for measurement error...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyaa113
更新日期：2021-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although smoking and HPV infection are recognized as important risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer, how their joint exposure impacts on oropharyngeal cancer risk is unclear. Specifically, whether smoking confers any additional risk to HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is not understood. METHODS:Using HPV ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/ije/dyw069
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In view of the many changes in the approach to the detection and management of hypertension that have occurred, the paucity of current data on this subject in Israel limits the possibilities of making international comparisons or evaluating trends. This study contributes recent information on the occupationally-active...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/21.4.676
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper illustrates the basis of, expectations for and evaluation of prevention from an epidemiological perspective. Specifically, the extent to which epidemiologists could and should be involved in designing and evaluating public health interventions is addressed. Changes in the view on disease causation and epide...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/ije/24.4.655
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methodological issues concerning the collection and analysis of daily morbidity data in community studies in developing countries are discussed. The effects of recall period and inter-observer variation on symptom prevalence are considered in the context of a longitudinal study in The Gambia, in which prevalence fell ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/23.4.757
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood samples from 382 children between the ages of one and 15 years were tested for anti-chlamydial antibody. A low prevalence of antibody against Chlamydia trachomatis was found among children under the age of seven years. Antibody against the Chlamydial agent C IOL-207 was rare before the age of five years, but was...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/13.4.491
更新日期：1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To describe secular trends in pneumonia hospitalizations in the Bronx, New York City from 1982-1986, we analysed all cases with a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia, excluding Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), for Bronx residents by age, sex, neighbourhood, and length of stay (N = 21,822). Hospital deaths from PCP a...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/18.4.926
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Ovarian cancer incidence differs substantially by race/ethnicity, but the reasons for this are not well understood. Data were pooled from the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (AACES) and 11 case-control studies in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) to examine racial/ethnic differences...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyx252
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parental occupational exposures to chemical carcinogens have been associated with malignancies in offspring. Recent studies have raised the issue that electromagnetic fields may play a role in carcinogenesis. We conducted a population-based case-control study testing for an association between the occurrence of a nerv...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/18.4.756
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Birth-cohort analysis is of particular importance for gastric cancer since migrant studies have indicated that early life experiences play a dominant role in the occurrence of the disease. However, none of the birth-cohort analyses conducted in various countries have provided information on variation in the birth-coho...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/23.2.252
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We present two enhancements to existing methods for visualizing vital statistics data. Data from the Human Mortality Database were used and vital statistics from England and Wales are used for illustration. The simpler of these methods involves coplotting mean age of death with its variance, and the more complex of th...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyt115
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Few data on birthweight distributions are available for Zimbabwe. This paper reports a study of 2140 births in Harare, Zimbabwe, occurring in April 1986. Births took place in public facilities, which are estimated to serve 85% of the urban population. Mean birthweight for the entire sample is 2970 g, and for singleton...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/19.1.98
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mortality rates from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in Australia for the period 1969-78 have been analysed by place of residence, occupation and country of birth. Large variations were found among subpopulations. Throughout the period IHD mortality was lowest among professional and farming occupations and highest among...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/13.1.25
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Maternal mortality from complications of unsafe abortion constitutes a serious problem in several developing countries. There is, however, a paucity of well-designed and implemented studies in this area, especially in Latin America. The aim of this paper is to present the findings on the determinants and med...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/27.5.833
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The terminology describing missingness mechanisms is confusing. In particular the meaning of 'missing at random' is often misunderstood, leading researchers faced with missing data problems away from multiple imputation, a method with considerable advantages. The purpose of this article is to clarify how 'missing at r...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyu080
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Morbidity among elderly people has an important influence on their physical functioning and psychological well-being. Evaluation of the morbidity profile and its determinants, which have implications for elderly people, are not available. The objective of this study is to assess morbidity, co-morbidity, and ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyg204
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Under-5 mortality is unacceptably high in many countries, the burden of which is mainly borne by the poor. Whereas country characteristics are known to influence under-5 mortality, it is unknown whether these have a different impact on the poor and the rich. We aimed to describe how the association between u...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyi190
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between breast cancer risk and oral contraceptive use was examined in 401 breast cancer patients and 519 hospital controls interviewed in New York City during 1979-1981. Control subjects were ascertained utilizing variable ratio matching to the cases (2:1 or 1:1) by sex, age, hospital, and time of diag...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/19.2.240
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Tuberculosis has been declining in developed countries for a long time, as a result of the intrinsic epidemiological characteristics of this disease, combined with improvement in the standard of living and more recently the use of antibiotics. In these low prevalence countries, decisions concerning the objec...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/26.1.190
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A continuum of reproductive causality is postulated, extending from fetal deaths - abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal - through a descending gradient of brain damage manifested in neuropsychiatric disorders. The research and administrative public health implications of these findings and the concept of the continuum a...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyw067
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Selection bias remains a more difficult bias to understand than confounding or measurement error. Past definitions have not always been illuminating and a simple method (such as the change-in-estimate method for confounding) has not been available to determine its presence and magnitude in the study sample. A better u...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyy138
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:So far, no randomized controlled trials with a mean mammographic screening interval of > or = 2 years has demonstrated statistically significant mortality reduction for women younger than age 50. The issue of screening frequency is vital in detection of primary breast cancer. METHODS:The study group consist...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/29.5.803
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of drug use, and how morbidity, use of health services, self-evaluated health, demographic pattern and lifestyle characteristics influence drug use in a general population. METHODS:The study was carried out in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway. A sample...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/23.6.1262
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
