Abstract：
:Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3-4 items. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1-V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Harrison SA,Tong Fdoi
10.1038/nature07832subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-04-02 00:00:00pages
632-5issue
7238eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature07832journal_volume
458pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:Successful expression of genes transferred into distantly related species in which genetic functions have been maintained through evolution has been reported previously. In the case of the silkmoth Bombyx mori and the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, both of which produce chorions (eggshells), Bombyx chorion genes ar...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/346480a0
更新日期：1990-08-02 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of viscid silk in aerial webs as a means to capture prey was a key innovation of araneoid spiders and has contributed largely to their ecological success. Here I describe a single silk thread from a spider's web that bears glue droplets and has been preserved in Lebanese amber from the Early Cretaceous period ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/424636a
更新日期：2003-08-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Biochemical and genetic studies suggest the existence of mediators that work between the activation domains (ADs) of regulatory proteins and the basic transcriptional machinery. We have previously shown genetically that Sug1 interacts with the AD of the yeast activator Ga14. Here we provide evidence that the Sug1 prot...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/374088a0
更新日期：1995-03-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Effective interaction between T cells and their targets requires that recognition of specific antigen be coordinated with increased cell-cell adhesion. We show that antigen-receptor cross-linking increases the strength of the adhesion mechanism between lymphocyte function-associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) and intercellula...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/341619a0
更新日期：1989-10-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Animal viruses are broadly categorized structurally by the presence or absence of an envelope composed of a lipid-bilayer membrane, attributes that profoundly affect stability, transmission and immune recognition. Among those lacking an envelope, the Picornaviridae are a large and diverse family of positive-strand RNA...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12029
更新日期：2013-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Living cells regulate the activity of their ion channels through a process known as gating. To open the pore, protein conformational changes must occur within a channel's membrane-spanning ion pathway. KcsA and MthK, closed and opened K(+) channels, respectively, reveal how such gating transitions occur. Pore-lining '...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/417523a
更新日期：2002-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:To artists, the face is a mirror of the soul. To biologists, the face reflects remarkable structural diversity--think of bulldogs and wolfhounds or galapagos finches. How do such variations in skeletal form arise? Do the same mechanisms control skeletogenesis elsewhere in the body? The answers lie in the molecular mac...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature01656
更新日期：2003-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Spacecraft observations show that the presence of lightning activity is not confined to the terrestrial atmosphere, but is also found in the atmospheres of Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. Lightning activity may also occur in Titan's thick atmosphere. Calculations show that lightning produces a significant fraction of the...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/328509a0
更新日期：1987-08-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The long-term exchange of volatile species (such as water, carbon, nitrogen and the noble gases) between deep Earth and surface reservoirs controls the habitability of the Earth's surface. The present-day volatile budget of the mantle reflects the integrated history of outgassing and retention of primordial volatiles ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0388-4
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The extent to which an organism is selected to invest in defences against pathogens and parasites depends on the advantages that ensue should infection occur, but also on the costs of maintaining defences in the absence of infection. The presence of heritable variation in resistance suggests that costs exist, but we k...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/38483
更新日期：1997-09-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in stem-cell technology are now allowing the mechanisms of human disease to be studied in human cells. A new era for regenerative medicine is arising from such disease models, extending beyond early cell-based therapies and towards evaluating genetic variation in humans and identifying the molecular pa...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07037
更新日期：2008-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To communicate, spacecraft and satellites rely on microwave devices, which at present are based on relatively inefficient thermionic electron sources that require heating and cannot be switched on instantaneously. Here we describe a microwave diode that uses a cold-cathode electron source consisting of carbon nanotube...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/437968a
更新日期：2005-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic island and seamount chain is usually attributed to a hot mantle plume, located beneath the Pacific lithosphere, that delivers material sourced from deep in the mantle to the surface. The shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands are distributed in two curvilinear, parallel trends (termed '...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03907
更新日期：2005-08-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Ecological and societal disruptions by modern climate change are critically determined by the time frame over which climates shift beyond historical analogues. Here we present a new index of the year when the projected mean climate of a given location moves to a state continuously outside the bounds of historical vari...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12540
更新日期：2013-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the earliest computational principles attributed to the cerebellum was the measurement of time. This idea was originally suggested on anatomical grounds, and was taken up again to explain some of the deficits in cerebellar patients. The contribution of the cerebellum to eye movements, in contrast, has tradition...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35011062
更新日期：2000-05-04 00:00:00
abstract：:In 1975-79, joint expeditions from Yale University and the Geological Survey of Pakistan (YGSP) recovered fossil lorisids in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan from four localities, spanning a period before 10 Myr ago to about 7 Myr ago. In three of the localities, only isolated teeth or fragments were found, whereas the f...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/289585a0
更新日期：1981-02-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) elicit the transcriptional activation of a large number of immediate early genes (many of which encode transcription factors), and ultimately DNA synthesis. Both AP1 and Myc are activated in fibroblasts in response to growth factor stimulation, and various e...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/378509a0
更新日期：1995-11-30 00:00:00
abstract：:MyoD1 and myogenin are muscle-specific proteins which can convert non-myogenic cells in culture to differentiated muscle fibres, implicating them in myogenic determination. The pattern of expression of MyoD1 and myogenin during the early stages of muscle formation in the mouse embryo in vivo and in limb-bud explants c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/341303a0
更新日期：1989-09-28 00:00:00
abstract：:A long-standing hypothesis posits that natural selection can favour two female strategies when density cycles. At low density, females producing many smaller progeny are favoured when the intrinsic rate of increase, r, governs population growth. At peak density, females producing fewer, high-quality, progeny are favou...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35023149
更新日期：2000-08-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Materials are said to show a shape-memory effect if they can be deformed and fixed into a temporary shape, and recover their original, permanent shape only on exposure to an external stimulus. Shape-memory polymers have received increasing attention because of their scientific and technological significance. In princi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03496
更新日期：2005-04-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes is mediated by cell-surface glycoproteins known as T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs). These are composed of alpha and beta, or gamma and delta, polypeptide chains with variable (V) and constant (C) regions. In contrast to alphabeta TCRs, which recognize antigen only as peptide fragme...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35172
更新日期：1998-01-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Enhancers are cis-acting control elements which can stimulate at a distance the activity of a variety of eukaryotic promoters. First identified as a repeated 72 base pair (bp) sequence upstream of the simian virus 40 (SV40) early gene promoter, enhancers have since been shown to be associated with numerous other viral...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/313711a0
更新日期：1985-02-21 00:00:00
abstract：:It is thought that in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is controlled by the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the transverse tubular membrane, where it serves as the voltage sensor. We have shown previously that injection of an expression plasmid...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/346567a0
更新日期：1990-08-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centres-more than a million times the mass of the Sun. Measurements of stellar velocities and the discovery of variable X-ray emission have provided strong evidence in favour of such a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, but have hitherto been ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01121
更新日期：2002-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) are a principal subtype of excitatory ligand-gated ion channel with prominent roles in physiological and disease processes in the central nervous system. Recognition that glycine potentiates NMDAR-mediated currents as well as being a requisite co-agonist of the NMDAR subt...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01497
更新日期：2003-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:In somatic cells, entry into mitosis depends on the completion of DNA synthesis. This dependency is established by S-phase feedback controls that arrest cell division when damaged or unreplicated DNA is present. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, mutations that interfere with the phosphorylation of tyrosi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/355365a0
更新日期：1992-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The peptide-loading complex (PLC) is a transient, multisubunit membrane complex in the endoplasmic reticulum that is essential for establishing a hierarchical immune response. The PLC coordinates peptide translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum with loading and editing of major histocompatibility complex class I (...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature24627
更新日期：2017-11-23 00:00:00
abstract：:At one time the synthetic chemist's last resort, reactions catalysed by transition metals are now the preferred method for synthesizing many types of organic molecule. A recent success in this type of catalysis is the discovery of reactions that form bonds between carbon and heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulp...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature07369
更新日期：2008-09-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Transport of calcium ions across membranes and against a thermodynamic gradient is essential to many biological processes, including muscle contraction, the citric acid cycle, glycogen metabolism, release of neurotransmitters, vision, biological signal transduction and immune response. Synthetic systems that transport...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01209
更新日期：2002-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Through their functional diversification, distinct lineages of CD4(+) T cells can act to either drive or constrain immune-mediated pathology. Transcription factors are critical in the generation of cellular diversity, and negative regulators antagonistic to alternate fates often act in conjunction with positive regula...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12199
更新日期：2013-06-27 00:00:00
