Abstract：
:Enhancers are cis-acting control elements which can stimulate at a distance the activity of a variety of eukaryotic promoters. First identified as a repeated 72 base pair (bp) sequence upstream of the simian virus 40 (SV40) early gene promoter, enhancers have since been shown to be associated with numerous other viral and cellular genes. Although there are no strong homologies between the sequences of different enhancers, a number of short and degenerate consensus sequences have been identified, including the 'core' element GTGGA/TA/TA/TG and stretches of alternating purines and pyrimidines which may have the potential to form left-handed Z DNA. To study the functional significance of two alternating purine and pyrimidine sequences in the SV40 enhancer, we have introduced various combinations of point mutations into a modified SV40 enhancer which contained only one copy of the 72 bp element (W.H., Y.G., A. Nordheim and A. Rich, unpublished results); one of these combinations impaired both the activity of the enhancer and growth of SV40. We describe here the structure of 18 revertants of this mutant and suggest that in each of the 18 revertants, the defects of the original mutant have been overcome by simple tandem duplications in the enhancer region, all of which include the 'core' element.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Herr W,Gluzman Ydoi
10.1038/313711a0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1985-02-21 00:00:00pages
711-4issue
6004eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687journal_volume
313pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:A connection between thunderstorms and the ionosphere has been hypothesized since the mid-1920s. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this connection, and evidence from modelling as well as various types of measurements demonstrate that lightning can interact with the lower ionosphere. It has been proposed...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03638
更新日期：2005-06-09 00:00:00
abstract：:In several well-characterized site-specific recombination systems it has been shown that, for efficient recombination, the two recombining sites must have identical DNA sequences across the region between the staggered points of exchange. The precise DNA sequence of this overlap region, however, appears to be of littl...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/332861a0
更新日期：1988-04-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Lake Victoria, together with its satellite lakes, harbours roughly 200 endemic forms of cichlid fishes that are classified as 'haplochromines' and yet the lake system is less than a million years old. This 'flock' has attracted attention because of the possibility that it evolved within the lake from one ancestral spe...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/347550a0
更新日期：1990-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses that bring about resistance to infection and silencing or tolerance to self. In the settings of infection and cancer, microbes and tumours can exploit DCs to evade immunity, but DCs also can generate resistance, a capacity that is readily enhanced with...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature06175
更新日期：2007-09-27 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 面试
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07198-z
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For cells of the innate immune system to mount a host defence response to infection, they must recognize products of microbial pathogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. These cellular responses require intracellular signalling pathways, such as the four MAP kinase (M...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/386296a0
更新日期：1997-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The maintenance of genome stability during mitosis is coordinated by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) through its effector the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), an inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C, also known as the cyclosome)1,2. Unattached kinetochores control MCC assembly by catalysing a chan...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0281-1
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insect eyes have an anti-reflective coating, owing to nanostructures on the corneal surface creating a gradient of refractive index between that of air and that of the lens material1,2. These nanocoatings have also been shown to provide anti-adhesive functionality3. The morphology of corneal nanocoatings are very dive...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2707-9
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Earth's equatorial stratosphere shows oscillations in which the east-west winds reverse direction and the temperatures change cyclically with a period of about two years. This phenomenon, called the quasi-biennial oscillation, also affects the dynamics of the mid- and high-latitude stratosphere and weather in the ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02142
更新日期：2004-01-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to climate change is among the largest uncertainties affecting future climate change projections. The feedback between the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate is partly determined by changes in the turnover time of carbon in land ecosystems, which in turn is an ecosystem p...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13731
更新日期：2014-10-09 00:00:00
abstract：:The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago. These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean ba...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03134
更新日期：2004-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Several discoveries of Late Devonian tetrapods (limbed vertebrates) have been made during the past two decades, but each has been confined to one locality. Here we describe a tetrapod jaw of about 365 million years (Myr) old from the Famennian of Belgium, which is the first from western continental Europe. The jaw clo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/427412a
更新日期：2004-01-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic manipulations of insect populations for pest control have been advocated for some time, but there are few cases where manipulated individuals have been released in the field and no cases where they have successfully invaded target populations. Population transformation using the intracellular bacterium Wolbach...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10356
更新日期：2011-08-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The rapid development of the silk glands of Bombyx mori during the last larval instar shows two phases. During the first 4 days, in both the middle and posterior parts of the silk glands, the ribosomal machinery is assembled and the synthesis of housekeeping proteins starts. During the second phase (the last 4 days), ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/290267a0
更新日期：1981-03-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Activation of many T-cell functions depends on their interaction with antigen-presenting accessory cells which express I region associated (Ia) products. Cells expressing accessory cell function include those of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and dendritic cells. More recently, B cells and a number of tumour cell lin...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/304442a0
更新日期：1983-08-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Spontaneous mutations are the source of genetic variation required for evolutionary change, and are therefore important for many aspects of evolutionary biology. For example, the divergence between taxa at neutrally evolving sites in the genome is proportional to the per nucleotide mutation rate, u (ref. 1), and this ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05388
更新日期：2007-01-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Bananas (Musa spp.), including dessert and cooking types, are giant perennial monocotyledonous herbs of the order Zingiberales, a sister group to the well-studied Poales, which include cereals. Bananas are vital for food security in many tropical and subtropical countries and the most popular fruit in industrialized c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11241
更新日期：2012-08-09 00:00:00
abstract：:General alarm about genetics continues, fanned by the expectation that what may one day be possible will be a reality tomorrow. Moderation is the most urgent need, but understanding would also help. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1038/367099a0
更新日期：1994-01-13 00:00:00
abstract：:As countries in Europe gradually relaxed lockdown restrictions after the first wave, test-trace-isolate strategies became critical to maintain the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at low levels1,2. Reviewing their shortcomings can provide elements to consider in light of the second wave that is current...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-03095-6
更新日期：2020-12-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Deep neural networks have achieved impressive successes in fields ranging from object recognition to complex games such as Go1,2. Navigation, however, remains a substantial challenge for artificial agents, with deep neural networks trained by reinforcement learning3-5 failing to rival the proficiency of mammalian spat...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0102-6
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:About one-third of human breast cancers require hormones for their continued growth and endocrine ablation or anti-hormone therapy can cause regression of these tumours. As a consequence, ovariectomy in premenopausal women or administration of an anti-oestrogen (tamoxifen) in postmenopausal women represent major optio...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/313231a0
更新日期：1985-01-17 00:00:00
abstract：:During biosynthesis, class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex are associated with a nonpolymorphic protein called invariant chain, Ii, which facilitates folding of class II molecules and their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, interferes with their association with peptide and directs their post-G...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/357596a0
更新日期：1992-06-18 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 评论,信件
doi：10.1038/d41586-019-00232-8
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A mouse major histocompatibility antigen (H-2) gene, encoding a novel H-2Ld molecule lacking its intracytoplasmic domain, has been constructed and introduced into mouse L-cells. The novel H-2 molecule is found on the surface of the transfected cells at the same level as L-cells transfected with the native H-2Ld gene. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/307432a0
更新日期：1984-02-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Refractoriness to induction chemotherapy and relapse after achievement of remission are the main obstacles to cure in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). After standard induction chemotherapy, patients are assigned to different post-remission strategies on the basis of cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities that broadly d...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature20598
更新日期：2016-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07529-0
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ultraluminous X-ray sources are extragalactic objects located outside the nucleus of the host galaxy with bolometric luminosities exceeding 10(39) erg s(-1). These extreme luminosities-if the emission is isotropic and below the theoretical (Eddington) limit, where the radiation pressure is balanced by the gravitationa...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08083
更新日期：2009-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Epigenetic pathways can regulate gene expression by controlling and interpreting chromatin modifications. Cancer cells are characterized by altered epigenetic landscapes, and commonly exploit the chromatin regulatory machinery to enforce oncogenic gene expression programs. Although chromatin alterations are, in princi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10334
更新日期：2011-08-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing, but their biophysical implementation remains largely unknown. We investigated an identified neuron (the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of locusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli has been described by two models, one o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01190
更新日期：2002-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:We have designed a bacterial system that is switched between different states by red light. The system consists of a synthetic sensor kinase that allows a lawn of bacteria to function as a biological film, such that the projection of a pattern of light on to the bacteria produces a high-definition (about 100 megapixel...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04405
更新日期：2005-11-24 00:00:00
