Abstract:
:International scientific committees, regional scientific committees such as those of the European Union, and national regulatory agencies generally use the uncertainly factor approach for establishing acceptable or tolerable intakes of substances that exhibit thresholds of toxicity. No observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) are identified in the critical studies to which appropriate uncertainly factors are applied to allocate acceptable daily intake (ADI). This paper discusses the different steps of the risk assessment process considered for decades worldwide a pragmatic approach to allocate safe doses, yet in need of improvements during the extrapolation phase which could increase the confidence level of the work performed by risk assessors.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Galli CL,Marinovich M,Lotti Mdoi
10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-08-15 00:00:00pages
93-9issue
2eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
S0378-4274(08)00181-1journal_volume
180pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Upon entering the body, nerve agents can bind active amino acid residues to form phosphonylated adducts. Tabun derivatives (O-alkyl-N,N-dialkyl phosphoroamidocyanidates) have strikingly different structural features from other G-series nerve agents, such as sarin and soman. Here, we investigate the binding mechanism f...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.014
更新日期:2020-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::The classical way to demonstrate the efficiency of remediation is measuring the reduction of toxic compounds in the environment. Nevertheless, more important is the risk reduction in human health. To determine changing health effects, exposure and bio-effects have to be monitored at time of and during remediation. Kin...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.017
更新日期:2006-04-10 00:00:00
abstract::The relative toxicity of three legacy and six emerging brominated flame retardants* was studied in the male Harlan Sprague Dawley rat. The hepatocellular and thyroid toxicity of each flame retardant was evaluated following five-day exposure to each of the nine flame retardants (oral gavage in corn oil) at 0.1-1000 μmo...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.016
更新日期:2020-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::Early life exposure to certain kinds of chemicals is of concern because of a possible increase in cancer risk, but relevant data are limited. In the present experiment, modifying effects of prepubertal administration of potassium perchlorate (KClO(4)) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on susceptibility to multi-organ ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.013
更新日期:2009-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::In present study, we compared for the first time the cytotoxicities of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells HPAEpiC. Moreover, we examined the effects of each PAH on oxidative stress (SOD, GSH, and ROS), cell viability, extracellular LDH, and apoptosis. T...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.005
更新日期:2018-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::288 BALB/c male mice were allocated to: Group 1-control; Group 2-500 ppm of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in the food, with control water; Group 4-500 ppm of 2-AAF in the food and 250 mg/100 ml of vitamin C in the water; and Group 3-control food and 250 mg% of vitamin C in the water. Major histopathologic changes at t...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(80)90136-8
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in various pulmonary diseases by causing direct injury to lung epithelial cells. Signalling activity of cells through transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and AP-1 have been shown to be regulated by ROS, and the release of pro-inflammatory ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.10.016
更新日期:2007-01-10 00:00:00
abstract::A study has been made of the effect of cadmium chloride and zinc acetate on the adherence of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans to buccal cells from man. Cadmium led to a significant decrease in the adherence of the three microorganisms tested. Zinc increased the adherence of S. faecalis and...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90207-2
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The behavioral effects of concurrent maternal exposure to restraint stress and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were assessed in the offspring of mice at 3 months of age. Plug positive females were divided into two groups. Animals were given by gavage 0 and 6mg PFOS/kg/day on gestation days 12-18. One-half of the anim...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.006
更新日期:2007-07-10 00:00:00
abstract::BH3 mimetics, such as BH3I-1, act as Bcl-2 antagonists, promote apoptosis and are used in basic research studies on apoptotic signaling and are currently tested as experimental anti-tumor agents. The present study addresses time- and dose-dependent responses of BH3I-1 on apoptosis, cellular stress defense mediated by ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.017
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lead (Pb) alters the susceptibility to different pathogens suggesting that macrophage-mediated defense mechanisms, through activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), may be affected by Pb. The aim of this study was to test whether activation of TLR4 is a targeted molecule to the effect of environmentally relevant Pb co...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.009
更新日期:2012-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Sulphur mustard (SM) is a blistering agent that causes debilitating damage to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. In cases of severe exposure, immunodepletion can occur as well as death, due to secondary infections. The toxicity of SM is thought to be mediated in part by the alkylation of nucleic acids and proteins...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.009
更新日期:2012-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::The binding of bisphenol A (BPA) and its halogenated derivatives (halogenated BPAs) to mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ligand binding domain (mPPARα-LBD) was examined by a combination of in vitro investigation and in silico simulation. Fluorescence polarization (FP) assay showed that halogenated BPA...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.004
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral administration of a single dose of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL, 80 mg/kg body wt.), 2 or 24 h after treatment, caused no significant change in the levels of diacylglycerol and phosphoinositides in rat cerebrum (forebrain), whereas daily administration of DBTL (40 or 80 mg/kg body wt.) for 3 days (24 h after the fi...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(91)90198-f
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in urine was measured in patients with 'itai-itai' disease, from chronically advanced cadmium poisoning. Elevation of NAG activity, however, was not so marked as that of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) in the urine of patients and suspected patients. We conclude that the...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90193-5
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine whether occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) influences sympathetic nerve activity, serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities were analyzed in 84 male workers exposed to TCE and 83 male age-matched controls. The workers were exposed to about 22 ppm TCE in air. There were no significant ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(90)90187-q
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple and sensitive method for the separation of 14C-labelled acetanilide, 4-hydroxyacetanilide, 3-hydroxyacetanilide and 2-hydroxyacetanilide was developed using thin-layer chromatography. This separation is the basis for the assay of acetanilide 4-hydroxylase and acetanilide 2-hydroxylase activity in liver micros...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(91)90137-u
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allyl alcohol-induced LDH leakage from isolated rat hepatocytes was preceded by a decrease in rhodmine 123 retention, signifying a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) prevented the drop in membrane potential and completely prevented cell killing by allyl alcohol. In contrast, cyc...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03426-9
更新日期:1995-11-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.028
更新日期:2014-01-13 00:00:00
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journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(87)90233-5
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1031
更新日期:2011-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::Whole-body inhalation exposures to N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) were conducted with male rats (Crl:CD BR) and mice (Crl:CD-1 (ICR)BR). Exposure concentrations were 50, 150, 300 and 500 ppm. The exposure routines consisted of single 1-, 3-, or 6-h exposures and ten 6-h exposures (10 exposure days in 2 weeks). Area unde...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(94)90061-2
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genotoxicity of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has been studied in vivo in mice. Bone marrow chromosome aberrations were not dose, time or route dependent, but most of the results differed significantly from controls except after 6 and 24 h of treatment using the i.p. and s.c. routes, respective...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(88)90058-6
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress has been pointed as an important molecular mechanism for liver injury in methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning. Ebselen, a seleno-organic compound that possesses anti-oxidant properties, is a useful therapeutic agent used in clinical situations involving oxidative stress. Here, we examined the possible in vi...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.001
更新日期:2004-02-02 00:00:00
abstract::Due to advances in nanotechnology, exposure to particle compounds in the workplace has become unavoidable. Assessment of their toxicity on health is an important occupational safety issue. This study was conducted in mice to investigate the toxicological effects of submicron and nano-iron oxide particles on pulmonary ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.004
更新日期:2012-05-05 00:00:00
abstract::Sex difference was observed in the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity of liver in the C3H/He strain of mice. Treatment with estradiol showed an increase in AHH activity in gonadectomized female mice, but not in males. Testosterone, however, lowered AHH activity in both the gonadectomized male and female. Foll...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(80)90148-4
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) are two representative mycotoxins that are commonly found in cereals and agricultural products. As T-2 toxin and DON are considered the cause of Kashin-Beck disease, a special osteoarticular disease, chondrocytes would be a vital target site for these toxins. To fully understand the ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.024
更新日期:2020-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure of humans and animals to vesicants, including sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), causes severe and debilitating damage to the respiratory tract. Both acute and long term pathological consequences are observed in the lung following a single exposure to these vesicants. Evidence from our laboratorie...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.011
更新日期:2016-02-26 00:00:00
abstract::Rats injected i.p. with 100 mg ethylhexyl nitrate/kg body wt excreted 0.3% of the dose in the urine within 24 h. No urinary nitrite was found within 5 postinjection hours while an output of 26.9 +/- 15.8 micrograms nitrite/h X kg body wt. was detected between 5-24 h. Cerebral glutathione concentration was below the co...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90281-3
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of 3 weeks' or 6 months' inhalation exposure of rats to aromatic white spirit 6 h/day, 5 days/week at 0, 400, or 800 ppm were studied. Synaptosomal neurochemistry was investigated as index of the in situ conditions in the presynaptic nerve terminal. In both studies, the relative and absolute yield of synap...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03325-f
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00