Martian stepped-delta formation by rapid water release.

abstract：:Mutations in phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) or genomic alterations in the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-signalling pathway are the most common genetic alterations reported in human prostate cancer. However, the precise mechanism underlying how indolent tumours with PTEN alterations acquire metastatic poten...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Qin J,Wu SP,Creighton CJ,Dai F,Xie X,Cheng CM,Frolov A,Ayala G,Lin X,Feng XH,Ittmann MM,Tsai SJ,Tsai MJ,Tsai SY

更新日期：2013-01-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Gut microbes supply the human body with energy from dietary polysaccharides through carbohydrate active enzymes, or CAZymes, which are absent in the human genome. These enzymes target polysaccharides from terrestrial plants that dominated diet throughout human evolution. The array of CAZymes in gut microbes is highly ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hehemann JH,Correc G,Barbeyron T,Helbert W,Czjzek M,Michel G

更新日期：2010-04-08 00:00:00

abstract：:After observation of detailed structural evidence for the origin of birds from dinosaurs, and in light of evidence that dinosaur bone tissue resembles the histology in mammals, the histology of bone has become one of the focal points in discussions of the physiology of dinosaurs and Mesozoic birds. Most of this micros...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rensberger JM,Watabe M

更新日期：2000-08-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent work has identified a neuron with widespread projections to odour processing regions of the honeybee brain whose activity represents the reward value of gustatory stimuli. We have constructed a model of bee foraging in uncertain environments based on this type of neuron and a predictive form of hebbian synaptic...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Montague PR,Dayan P,Person C,Sejnowski TJ

更新日期：1995-10-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Cryptosporidium species cause acute gastroenteritis and diarrhoea worldwide. They are members of the Apicomplexa--protozoan pathogens that invade host cells by using a specialized apical complex and are usually transmitted by an invertebrate vector or intermediate host. In contrast to other Apicomplexans, Cryptosporid...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Xu P,Widmer G,Wang Y,Ozaki LS,Alves JM,Serrano MG,Puiu D,Manque P,Akiyoshi D,Mackey AJ,Pearson WR,Dear PH,Bankier AT,Peterson DL,Abrahamsen MS,Kapur V,Tzipori S,Buck GA

更新日期：2004-10-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis, it also disrupts vascular barrier function in diseased tissues. Accordingly, VEGF expression in cancer and ischaemic disease has unexpected pathophysiological consequences. By uncoupling endothelial cell-cell junctions VEGF causes vascular permea...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Weis SM,Cheresh DA

更新日期：2005-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:One reason for the failure of chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced cancers may be the outgrowth of multidrug-resistant tumour cells. Multidrug resistance has been modelled in numerous mammalian cell lines in which the phenotype is characterized by a pleiotropic cross-resistance to unrelated drugs. In the study re...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kartner N,Evernden-Porelle D,Bradley G,Ling V

更新日期：1985-08-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Corticosteroids as well as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation accompanying lipolysis in subcutaneous fat. Whereas the non-steroids produce their effect by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, however, corticosteroids inhibit their release. This mechanism may be the ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lewis GP,Piper PJ

更新日期：1975-03-27 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanical environment crucially influences many cell functions. However, it remains largely mysterious how mechanical stimuli are transmitted into biochemical signals. Src is known to regulate the integrin-cytoskeleton interaction, which is essential for the transduction of mechanical stimuli. Using fluorescent r...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wang Y,Botvinick EL,Zhao Y,Berns MW,Usami S,Tsien RY,Chien S

更新日期：2005-04-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Clouds on Titan result from the condensation of methane and ethane and, as on other planets, are primarily structured by circulation of the atmosphere. At present, cloud activity mainly occurs in the southern (summer) hemisphere, arising near the pole and at mid-latitudes from cumulus updrafts triggered by surface hea...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rodriguez S,Le Mouélic S,Rannou P,Tobie G,Baines KH,Barnes JW,Griffith CA,Hirtzig M,Pitman KM,Sotin C,Brown RH,Buratti BJ,Clark RN,Nicholson PD

更新日期：2009-06-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuronal dendrites are electrically excitable: they can generate regenerative events such as dendritic spikes in response to sufficiently strong synaptic input. Although such events have been observed in many neuronal types, it is not well understood how active dendrites contribute to the tuning of neuronal output in ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Smith SL,Smith IT,Branco T,Häusser M

更新日期：2013-11-07 00:00:00

abstract：:T-cell clones that grow continuously in tissue culture have become a major tool for studying the properties of T lymphocytes. It is therefore important to know to what extent such clones resemble their normal counterparts. Several reports have appeared recently which demonstrate that long-term T-cell lines may lose th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Simon MM,Weltzien HU,Bühring HJ,Eichmann K

更新日期：1984-03-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Applications are emerging that require the creation of fine-scale structures in three dimensions--examples include scaffolds for tissue engineering, micro-fluidic devices and photonic materials that control light propagation over a range of frequencies. But writing methods such as dip-pen nanolithography and ink-jet p...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gratson GM,Xu M,Lewis JA

更新日期：2004-03-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain into rhombomeres is important for the anterior-posterior arrangement of cranial motor nuclei and efferent nerves. Underlying this reiterated organization, Hox genes display segmentally restricted domains of expression, such as expression of Hoxb-1 (refs 5, 6) in rhombomere 4 (r...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Studer M,Lumsden A,Ariza-McNaughton L,Bradley A,Krumlauf R

更新日期：1996-12-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, is the most common cause of sepsis and meningitis. Multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains are widespread, and vancomycin is the antibiotic of last resort. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in this community-acquired bacterium would be catastrophic. Antibiotic tolerance, the ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Novak R,Henriques B,Charpentier E,Normark S,Tuomanen E

更新日期：1999-06-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Lignin is a complex polymer of phenylpropanoid subunits. It is an essential component of woody tissue, to which it imparts structural rigidity. Lignin is remarkably resistant to degradation by most microbes; nevertheless, a few species of white-rot fungi are able to catalyse its oxidation to CO2. Its biodegradation is...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tien M,Tu CP

更新日期：1987-04-02 00:00:00

abstract：:High-coverage whole-genome sequence studies have so far focused on a limited number of geographically restricted populations, or been targeted at specific diseases, such as cancer. Nevertheless, the availability of high-resolution genomic data has led to the development of new methodologies for inferring population hi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pagani L,Lawson DJ,Jagoda E,Mörseburg A,Eriksson A,Mitt M,Clemente F,Hudjashov G,DeGiorgio M,Saag L,Wall JD,Cardona A,Mägi R,Wilson Sayres MA,Kaewert S,Inchley C,Scheib CL,Järve M,Karmin M,Jacobs GS,Antao T,Ilie

更新日期：2016-10-13 00:00:00

abstract：:A relationship between convergent margin magmas and copper-gold ore mineralization has long been recognized. The nature of the genetic link is controversial, particularly whether the link is due to high-oxygen-fugacity (fO2) melts and fluids released from subducted slabs or to brine exsolution during magmatic evolutio...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sun W,Arculus RJ,Kamenetsky VS,Binns RA

更新日期：2004-10-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Embryonal tumours with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are aggressive paediatric embryonal brain tumours with a universally poor prognosis1. Here we collected 193 primary ETMRs and 23 matched relapse samples to investigate the genomic landscape of this distinct tumour type. We found that patients with tumours in which t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lambo S,Gröbner SN,Rausch T,Waszak SM,Schmidt C,Gorthi A,Romero JC,Mauermann M,Brabetz S,Krausert S,Buchhalter I,Koster J,Zwijnenburg DA,Sill M,Hübner JM,Mack N,Schwalm B,Ryzhova M,Hovestadt V,Papillon-Cavanagh S,

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor type I (TGF) are polypeptides of 53 and 50 amino acid residues, respectively. Both bind to EGF receptor, a 1,200-residue transmembranous glycoprotein, leading to phosphorylation of the receptor, enhancement of its tyrosine-specific kinase activity and ultima...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Brown JP,Twardzik DR,Marquardt H,Todaro GJ

更新日期：1985-02-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Homogeneous nucleation and subsequent cluster growth leads to the formation of new aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The nucleation of sulfuric acid and organic vapours is thought to be responsible for the formation of new particles over continents, whereas iodine oxide vapours have been implicated in particle form...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sipilä M,Sarnela N,Jokinen T,Henschel H,Junninen H,Kontkanen J,Richters S,Kangasluoma J,Franchin A,Peräkylä O,Rissanen MP,Ehn M,Vehkamäki H,Kurten T,Berndt T,Petäjä T,Worsnop D,Ceburnis D,Kerminen VM,Kulmala M,O'D

更新日期：2016-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Diffuse gliomas are the most common malignant brain tumours in adults and include glioblastomas and World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and grade III tumours (sometimes referred to as lower-grade gliomas). Genetic tumour profiling is used to classify disease and guide therapy1,2, but involves brain surgery for ti...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Miller AM,Shah RH,Pentsova EI,Pourmaleki M,Briggs S,Distefano N,Zheng Y,Skakodub A,Mehta SA,Campos C,Hsieh WY,Selcuklu SD,Ling L,Meng F,Jing X,Samoila A,Bale TA,Tsui DWY,Grommes C,Viale A,Souweidane MM,Tabar V,

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning manifested by diarrhoeal or emetic syndromes. It is closely related to the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the former being used as a biological weapon and the latter as a pesticide. B. anth...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ivanova N,Sorokin A,Anderson I,Galleron N,Candelon B,Kapatral V,Bhattacharyya A,Reznik G,Mikhailova N,Lapidus A,Chu L,Mazur M,Goltsman E,Larsen N,D'Souza M,Walunas T,Grechkin Y,Pusch G,Haselkorn R,Fonstein M,Ehrli

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been iso...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gao F,Bailes E,Robertson DL,Chen Y,Rodenburg CM,Michael SF,Cummins LB,Arthur LO,Peeters M,Shaw GM,Sharp PM,Hahn BH

更新日期：1999-02-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Population-level analyses often use average quantities to describe heterogeneous systems, particularly when variation does not arise from identifiable groups. A prominent example, central to our current understanding of epidemic spread, is the basic reproductive number, R(0), which is defined as the mean number of inf...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lloyd-Smith JO,Schreiber SJ,Kopp PE,Getz WM

更新日期：2005-11-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), as purified from fresh human platelets, is a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 30,000 composed of two disulphide-linked subunit chains of similar size, named A and B (ref. 1). The dimer structure of PDGRF seems to be important for its biological effects, as reduction irreve...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Heldin CH,Johnsson A,Wennergren S,Wernstedt C,Betsholtz C,Westermark B

更新日期：1986-02-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Unilateral neglect following damage to the right hemisphere of the brain can be characterized by failure of the global attentional mechanisms of the right hemisphere to direct the local detail processors of the left hemisphere towards the contralesional left hemispace. This is suggested by patients who recognize the g...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Doricchi F,Incoccia C

更新日期：1998-07-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Spontaneous type 1 diabetes occurs when the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-islet cells prevents production of the hormone insulin. This causes an inability to regulate glucose metabolism, which results in dangerously raised blood glucose concentrations. It is generally accepted that thymus-derived lymphocyt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wilson DB

更新日期：2005-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and beta chain that is expressed on the surface of most leukocytes and is an essential molecule for adhesion reactions between cells participating in the immune response. A putative ligand for LFA-1 is the intercellular adhesion mol...

journal_title：Nature

authors： van Noesel C,Miedema F,Brouwer M,de Rie MA,Aarden LA,van Lier RA

更新日期：1988-06-30 00:00:00

abstract：:The crab Xenograpsus testudinatus lives at enormously high densities around the sulphur-rich hydrothermal vents found in shallow waters off Taiwan, even though this acidic environment is low in nutrients. Here we show that these crabs swarm out of their crevices at slack water and feed on the vast numbers of zooplankt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Jeng MS,Ng NK,Ng PK

更新日期：2004-12-23 00:00:00