Abstract：
:Visual stimuli can acquire positive or negative value through their association with rewards and punishments, a process called reinforcement learning. Although we now know a great deal about how the brain analyses visual information, we know little about how visual representations become linked with values. To study this process, we turned to the amygdala, a brain structure implicated in reinforcement learning. We recorded the activity of individual amygdala neurons in monkeys while abstract images acquired either positive or negative value through conditioning. After monkeys had learned the initial associations, we reversed image value assignments. We examined neural responses in relation to these reversals in order to estimate the relative contribution to neural activity of the sensory properties of images and their conditioned values. Here we show that changes in the values of images modulate neural activity, and that this modulation occurs rapidly enough to account for, and correlates with, monkeys' learning. Furthermore, distinct populations of neurons encode the positive and negative values of visual stimuli. Behavioural and physiological responses to visual stimuli may therefore be based in part on the plastic representation of value provided by the amygdala.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Paton JJ,Belova MA,Morrison SE,Salzman CDdoi
10.1038/nature04490keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-02-16 00:00:00pages
865-70issue
7078eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature04490journal_volume
439pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:Using a recently developed formalism called topological quantum chemistry, we perform a high-throughput search of 'high-quality' materials (for which the atomic positions and structure have been measured very accurately) in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in order to identify new topological phases. We develo...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-0954-4
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transection of a sensory nerve in adults results in profound abnormalities in sensory perception, even if the severed nerve is surgically repaired to facilitate accurate nerve regeneration. In marked contrast, fewer perceptual errors follow nerve transection and surgical repair in children. The basis for this superior...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/381069a0
更新日期：1996-05-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Spatially extended dynamical systems exhibit complex behaviour in both space and time--spatiotemporal chaos. Analysis of dynamical quantities (such as fractal dimensions and Lyapunov exponents) has provided insights into low-dimensional systems; but it has proven more difficult to understand spatiotemporal chaos in hi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35008013
更新日期：2000-04-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Support-free high-speed countercurrent liquid chromatography provides a rich domain of applications, some beyond reach of conventional liquid chromatography. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/326419a0
更新日期：1987-03-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity has become more prevalent in most developed countries over the past few decades, and is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for several common types of cancer. As the worldwide obesity epidemic has shown no signs of abating, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying obesity-associated cancer...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12347
更新日期：2013-07-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Substitutions of single glycine residues of alpha 1(I) collagen have previously been associated with the inherited disease osteogenesis imperfecta type II. Transgenic mice bearing a mutant alpha 1(I) collagen gene into which specific glycine substitutions have been engineered show a dominant lethal phenotype character...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/332131a0
更新日期：1988-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Long-term potentiation of chemical synapses is closely related to memory and learning. Studies of this process have concentrated on chemically mediated excitatory synapses. By contrast, activity-dependent modification of gap junctions, which also widely exist in higher structures such as hippocampus and neocortex, has...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/348542a0
更新日期：1990-12-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein, aP2 (FABP4) is expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and integrates inflammatory and metabolic responses. Studies in aP2-deficient mice have shown that this lipid chaperone has a significant role in several aspects of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes and atheroscle...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05844
更新日期：2007-06-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabolic phenotypes are the products of interactions among a variety of factors-dietary, other lifestyle/environmental, gut microbial and genetic. We use a large-scale exploratory analytical approach to investigate metabolic phenotype variation across and within four human populations, based on 1H NMR spectroscopy. M...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature06882
更新日期：2008-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The factors driving glacial changes in ocean overturning circulation are not well understood. On the basis of a comparison of 20 climate variables over the past four glacial cycles, the SPECMAP project proposed that summer insolation at high northern latitudes (that is, Milankovitch forcing) drives the same sequence o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07425
更新日期：2008-11-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The structure of poly(dA).poly(dT) currently arouses great interest, mainly because dAn.dTn stretches are associated with considerable DNA bending. Until recently the heteronomous DNA described by Arnott et al., with the poly(dA) and poly(dT) chains in A and B conformations respectively, was the only detailed model of...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/325821a0
更新日期：1987-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Comparisons of three-dimensional maps of vertebrate muscle thin filaments obtained by cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis, reveal the molecular structure of F-actin, the location of the C terminus of the monomer and the positions of the binding sites of tropomyosin, the myosin head and the N-terminal portion o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/348217a0
更新日期：1990-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The search to understand the mechanisms regulating brain wiring has relied on biochemical purification approaches in vertebrates and genetic approaches in invertebrates to identify molecular cues and receptors for axon guidance. Here we describe a phenotype-based gene-trap screen in mice designed for the large-scale i...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35065539
更新日期：2001-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Most sensory information destined for the neocortex is relayed through the thalamus, where considerable transformation occurs1,2. One means of transformation involves interactions between excitatory thalamocortical neurons that carry data to the cortex and inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) tha...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2512-5
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Called the "mystery of mysteries" by Darwin, speciation is still a little-understood area of evolution. Genetic analysis, however, has yielded new generalizations about speciation and suggests promising avenues of research. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/355511a0
更新日期：1992-02-06 00:00:00
abstract：:A cholecystokinin (CCK)-inactivating peptidase was purified and identified as a membrane-bound isoform of tripeptidyl peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.10), a cytosolic subtilisin-like peptidase of previously unknown functions. The peptidase was found in neurons responding to cholecystokinin, as well as in non-neuronal cells. B...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/380403a0
更新日期：1996-04-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The neocortex of the adult brain consists of neurons and glia that are generated by precursor cells of the embryonic ventricular zone. In general, glia are generated after neurons during development, but radial glia are an exception to this rule. Radial glia are generated before neurogenesis and guide neuronal migrati...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35055553
更新日期：2001-02-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Co-evolution between plants and their natural enemies is generally believed to have generated much of the Earth's biological diversity. A process analogous to co-evolution occurs in agricultural systems, in which natural enemies adapt to crop resistance introduced by breeding or genetic engineering. Because of this si...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35081193
更新日期：2001-06-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Many fermentative bacteria obtain energy for growth by reactions in which the change in free energy (DeltaG') is less than that needed to synthesize ATP. These bacteria couple substrate metabolism directly to ATP synthesis, however, by classical phosphoryl transfer reactions. An explanation for the energy economy of t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/415454a
更新日期：2002-01-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Rab GTPases regulate all stages of membrane trafficking, including vesicle budding, cargo sorting, transport, tethering and fusion. In the inactive (GDP-bound) conformation, accessory factors facilitate the targeting of Rab GTPases to intracellular compartments. After nucleotide exchange to the active (GTP-bound) conf...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03798
更新日期：2005-07-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Spontaneous mutations are the source of genetic variation required for evolutionary change, and are therefore important for many aspects of evolutionary biology. For example, the divergence between taxa at neutrally evolving sites in the genome is proportional to the per nucleotide mutation rate, u (ref. 1), and this ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05388
更新日期：2007-01-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The best spectrographs are limited in stability by their calibration light source. Laser frequency combs are the ideal calibrators for astronomical spectrographs. They emit a spectrum of lines that are equally spaced in frequency and that are as accurate and stable as the atomic clock relative to which the comb is sta...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11092
更新日期：2012-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:A CENTRAL assumption about long-term potentiation in the hippocampus is that the two classes of glutamate-receptor ion channel, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the kainate/quisqualate (non-NMDA) subtypes, are co-localized at individual excitatory synapses. This assumption is important because of the perceived inte...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/341230a0
更新日期：1989-09-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has a key role in the antigen-specific clonal growth of T lymphocytes, by virtue of its interaction with a specific cell-surface receptor (IL-2R). The growth signal seems to be delivered by IL-2 bound to the high-affinity, but not the low-affinity, receptor. Genes encoding IL-2 and its receptor (t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/318467a0
更新日期：1985-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural products containing phosphorus-carbon bonds have found widespread use in medicine and agriculture. One such compound, phosphinothricin tripeptide, contains the unusual amino acid phosphinothricin attached to two alanine residues. Synthetic phosphinothricin (glufosinate) is a component of two top-selling herbic...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07972
更新日期：2009-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Rho is the essential RNA helicase that sets the borders between transcription units and adjusts transcriptional yield to translational needs in bacteria. Although Rho was the first termination factor to be discovered, the actual mechanism by which it reaches and disrupts the elongation complex (EC) is unknown. Here we...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08669
更新日期：2010-01-14 00:00:00
abstract：:During the evolution of the beta-globin family gene in vertebrates, different globin genes acquired different developmental patterns of expression. In mammals, specific 'embryonic' beta-like globins are synthesized in the earliest erythroid cells, which differentiate in the yolk sac of the embryo. In most mammals the ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/319685a0
更新日期：1986-02-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Oligomerization of membrane proteins in response to lipid binding has a critical role in many cell-signalling pathways but is often difficult to define or predict. Here we report the development of a mass spectrometry platform to determine simultaneously the presence of interfacial lipids and oligomeric stability and ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature20820
更新日期：2017-01-19 00:00:00
abstract：:In the brain, hippocampal pyramidal cells use temporal as well as rate coding to signal spatial aspects of the animal's environment or behaviour. The temporal code takes the form of a phase relationship to the concurrent cycle of the hippocampal electroencephalogram theta rhythm. These two codes could each represent a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02058
更新日期：2003-10-23 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 评论,信件
doi：10.1038/d41586-019-00232-8
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
