Abstract：
:Much has been said about how significant life events modulate our response to stimuli that are integral to those events. However, we know less about the more general consequences of these events, that is, how they affect subsequent learning abilities that are seemingly irrelevant to the initial event. Here, it is proposed that significant life events, most often stressful in nature, alter future learned responses by inducing nonspecific and persistent changes in neuroanatomical structures. These changes are induced in the presence of sex and stress hormones, which are released either in response to the event itself or as a consequence of stages of life. To illustrate, the effects of acute stressful experience on learning processes and their regulation by the release of hormones are reviewed. I discuss how these events and their hormonal consequences alter anatomical substrates such as those involved in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. It is proposed that these modulatory processes allow past experiences to change the shape of memories to come. In this way, memorable life events become less about the past and more about the future.
journal_name
Neurobiol Learn Memjournal_title
Neurobiology of learning and memoryauthors
Shors TJdoi
10.1016/j.nlm.2005.09.004keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-03-01 00:00:00pages
103-15issue
2eissn
1074-7427issn
1095-9564pii
S1074-7427(05)00084-5journal_volume
85pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Activity dependent calcium entry into neurons can initiate a form of synaptic plasticity called long-term potentiation (LTP). This phenomenon is considered by many to be one possible cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory. The calcium entry that induces this phenomenon can occur when N-methyl-D-aspartate re...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2003.10.003
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autism Spectrum Disorders are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders, with rising incidence but little effective therapeutic intervention available. Currently two main clinical features are described to diagnose ASDs: impaired social interaction and communication, and repetitive behaviors. Much work has...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.013
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synaptic plasticity is subject to activity-dependent long-term modification (metaplasticity). We have recently described a novel form of heterosynaptic metaplasticity in hippocampal CA1, whereby 'priming' activity at one set of synapses confers a metaplastic state that inhibits subsequent LTP both within and between d...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.05.010
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dynamics of learning in the Active Avoidance test was analyzed at the trials level as well as at the level of daily sessions, each comprising numerous trials. The two scales (large scale for the sessions and small scale for the trials) were demonstrated to be mutually independent. The intermediate derived scales (...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1996.0009
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The article reviews our studies of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in rats during a period of development---Postnatal Day (PND) 17-33---that represents the late-infant, juvenile, and early-adolescent stages. These studies seek to acquire 'systems level' knowledge of brain and memory development and apply it to a ro...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107388
更新日期：2021-01-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Environmental stimuli during neonatal periods play an important role in the development of cognitive function. In this study, we examined the long-term effects of neonatal tactile stimulation (TS) on spatial working memory (SWM) and related mechanisms. We also investigated whether TS-induced effects could be counterac...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2007.10.010
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis occur in the adult hippocampus and in other brain structures such as the olfactory bulb and often involve the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM. During an olfactory associative discrimination learning task, NCAM polysialylation triggers neuronal plasticity in the adult hippocampus...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.011
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Activity in the rodent prelimbic (PL) cortex contributes to consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of learned fear. The PL cortex is considered homologous to the primate dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). In patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the dACC is often reported to be hyperactive a...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.002
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When trained to peck a selected position in a sagittally-oriented series of identical food containers, and then required to generalize to an identical series rotated by 90°, chicks identify as correct only the target position from the left end, while choosing the right one at chance. Here we show that when accustomed ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2010.11.012
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the marine snail Hermissenda, associative learning can be accomplished by paired presentations of light and vestibular stimulation. It is generally assumed that associative learning depends upon the intensity or salience of the conditioned or unconditioned stimulus (CS and US, respectively). Accordingly, during Her...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1999.3938
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Trace eyeblink conditioning requires animals to associate a neutral stimulus (CS) and an aversive periorbital shock (US) that occurred moment later. Acquisition in this conditioning depends on several forebrain regions including the hippocampus, medial prefrontal, and entorhinal cortices in addition to the cerebellum....
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2012.12.014
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, we evaluated the effects of NMDA-induced lesions in different sites of the insular cortex of the rat on the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion and spatial learning in the Morris water maze. The lesions were produced by bilateral microinjections of NMDA in the insular cortex at +3.7 mm (Anterior g...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1996.0042
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic cause of intellectual disability yet no pro-cognitive drug therapies are approved for human use. Mechanistic studies in a mouse model of DS (Ts65Dn mice) demonstrate that impaired cognitive function is due to excessive neuronal inhibitory tone. These deficits are normalized by ch...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.006
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Individual differences in regulation of fear and extinction memory play significant roles in the aetiology development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous animal based studies showed that the activity of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) are involved in memory modulation. However in humans it is not clear ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.004
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of morphine (6.3, 12.6, and 25.2 mg/kg) on active avoidance behavior of BALB/C mice are explored in three acquisition sessions and in two subsequent performance sessions. Morphine-treated animals showed an increase in avoidance acquisition with respect to control group without differences in performance. H...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1997.3804
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence indicating a role for the nucleus accumbens in the development of latent inhibition of learning has accumulated. Two experiments were conducted using Wistar rats to investigate this role directly. Experiment 1 used a conditioned emotional response paradigm to assess the effects of discrete electrolytic lesion...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1995.1042
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carriers of a FMR1 premutation allele (between 55 and 199 CGG repeats) are at risk of developing a wide range of medical, psychiatric and cognitive disorders, including executive dysfunction. These cognitive deficits are often less severe for female premutation carriers compared to male premutation carriers, albeit si...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2017.07.002
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic stress leads to a dysregulated inhibitory tone that could impact hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory. The present study examined whether spatial memory deficits resulting from chronic stress could be overcome by antagonizing the GABAA receptor, a prominent inhibitory receptor of GABA in the hippo...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2017.09.002
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An enormous amount of research has been aimed at identifying biological and environmental factors that are contributing to the current global obesity pandemic. The present paper reviews recent findings which suggest that obesity is attributable, at least in part, to a disruption of the Pavlovian control of energy regu...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.014
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult Aplysia exhibit both short-term and long-term memory for sensitization in the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex. Previous developmental studies showed that short-term memory for sensitization emerges late in juvenile development (stage 12; Rankin and Carew, 1988; Wright et al., 1991). In the present study, we ex...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1996.0031
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiological studies demonstrated association between head injury (HI) and the subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Certain hallmarks of AD, e.g. amyloid-β (Aβ) containing deposits, may be found in patients following traumatic BI (TBI). Recent studies uncover the cellular prion protein, PrP(C), as a ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.019
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging is associated with cognitive decline, specifically in episodic memory. However, there are large individual differences in the extent of this decline and previous research suggests that these are associated with differences in executive functioning (EF). These EF differences, and associated differences in the enc...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107251
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increasing number of studies using human subjects substantiate the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a noninvasive approach to treat various neurological symptoms. tDCS has been tested in conditions from motor to cognition dysfunctions. Performance enhancement of healthy subjects using tDCS h...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107126
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Traditional learning theory has developed models that can accurately predict and describe the course of learned behavior. These "psychological process" models rely on hypothetical constructs that are usually thought to be not directly measurable or manipulable. Recently, and mostly in parallel, the neural mechanisms u...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.021
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human episodic memory refers to the recollection of an unique past experience in terms of what happened, and where and when it happened. Factoring out the issue of conscious recollection, episodic memory, even at the behavioral level, has been difficult to demonstrate in non-human mammals. Although, it was previously ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2005.07.002
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Place navigation engrams acquired with intact brain can be retrieved with either eye and are stored in both hemispheres. The retrieval circuitry was examined by testing an overtrained rat under lidocaine inactivation of the hippocampus, visual cortex, and superior colliculus. Thirty-three hooded rats with implanted ca...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1997.3771
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The single-trial passive avoidance task is a useful procedure for examining learning and memory in the young chick. However, it has recently been suggested that discrepant results reported by different laboratories are due to differences in training procedure. The present study investigated a number of parameters surr...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.2002.4069
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anxiety disorders and obesity are both common in youth and young adults. Despite increasing evidence that over-consumption of palatable high-fat/high-sugar "junk" foods leads to adverse neurocognitive outcomes, little is known about the effects of palatable diets on emotional memories and fear regulation. In the prese...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.002
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous work done by our laboratory has demonstrated a reduction of the post-burst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and accommodation following trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbit CA1 pyramidal neurons. Our laboratory has also demonstrated a reduction in the AHP in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons following spatial learning. ...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.nlm.2007.07.002
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The two main objectives of this study were (1) to replicate previous findings that 6 days of binge-like exposure to alcohol during the neonatal brain growth spurt induces significant place learning deficits in juvenile rats and (2) to determine whether more limited (3-day) binge-like exposure during the neonatal perio...
journal_title：Neurobiology of learning and memory
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/nlme.1995.0009
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
