Strategies for improved formulation and delivery of DNA vaccines to veterinary target species.

abstract：:This review discusses situations when the magnitude and function of immune responses to virus infection are influenced by regulatory T cells (Tregs). The focus is on CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein 3+ natural Tregs (nTregs). The immune response may be limited in magnitude and efficacy when animals with normal nTreg fu...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rouse BT,Sarangi PP,Suvas S

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Superantigens (SAGs) are a class of disease-causing and immunostimulatory proteins of bacterial or viral origin that activate T cells by binding to the V beta domain of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The three-dimensional structure of the complex between a TCR beta chain (mouse V beta 8.2-J beta 2.1-C beta 1) and ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Li H,Llera A,Mariuzza RA

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the human, most IgM+IgD+ as well as CD5+ peripheral blood B cells express unmutated V genes and thus can be assigned to a pre-germinal centre (GC) stage of development. The memory B-cell compartment generated in the GC reaction and characterized by cells bearing somatically mutated V-region genes consists not only ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Klein U,Goossens T,Fischer M,Kanzler H,Braeuninger A,Rajewsky K,Küppers R

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of possible T cell activation outcomes resulting from T cell receptor (TCR) engagement suggests that the TCR is able to differentially activate a myriad of signaling pathways depending on the nature of the stimulus. The complex structural organization of the TCR itself could underlie this diversity of respo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Alarcón B,Gil D,Delgado P,Schamel WW

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse subset of innate immune cells that are key regulators of the host response to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 directly and indirectly modulates DC function to hinder the formation of effective antiviral immunity and fuel immune activation. This review focuses...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Miller E,Bhardwaj N

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current regimens used to treat tuberculosis are largely comprised of serendipitously discovered drugs that are combined based on clinical experience. Despite curing millions, these drug regimens are limited by the long course of therapy, the emergence of resistance, and the persistent tissue damage that remains af...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Baer CE,Rubin EJ,Sassetti CM

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：SUMMARY:African trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. They are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immunosuppression. Here, we review recent work on experimental African trypanosomiasis, especially infections with Trypanosoma congolense,...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tabel H,Wei G,Shi M

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of intracellular proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of the host innate immune response. NLRs act as scaffolding proteins that assemble signaling platforms that trigger nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated pro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Franchi L,Warner N,Viani K,Nuñez G

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic inflammation. However, it has become increasingly clear that they also play important roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Recent advances have focused on the importance of MCs in both innate and adaptive immune...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Vliagoftis H,Befus AD

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basal, activation, and arrest signaling in T cells determines survival, coordinates responses to pathogens, and, when dysregulated, leads to loss of self-tolerance and autoimmunity. At the T-cell surface, transmembrane glycoproteins interact with galectins via their N-glycans, forming a molecular lattice that regulate...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Grigorian A,Torossian S,Demetriou M

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The amyloid hypothesis has dominated Alzheimer's disease (AD) research for almost 30 years. This hypothesis hinges on the predominant clinical role of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in propagating neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and eventual cognitive impairment in AD. Recent research in the AD field has identified the ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Ennerfelt HE,Lukens JR

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article focuses on four human carboxypeptidases (CPs): two metallo-CPs and two serine CPs. The metallo-CPs are members of the so-called B-type regulatory CP family, as they cleave only the C-terminal basic amino acids Arg or Lys. The plasma membrane-bound CPM and the mainly, but not exclusively, intracellular CPD...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Skidgel RA,Erdös EG

更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Considerable progress has been made in defining intermediate stages in the process leading from stem cells to mature B cells. Cell-bound and secreted molecules direct the progression through these stages and regulate the selection of clones from which the immune repertoire emerges. In fact, a myriad of signals derived...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Stoddart A,Fleming HE,Paige CJ

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five of the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda, which are critical for antiviral immunity. Moreover, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 differ from TLR4 in two particularly i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zhang SY,Jouanguy E,Sancho-Shimizu V,von Bernuth H,Yang K,Abel L,Picard C,Puel A,Casanova JL

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) contains at least 26 genes which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily The genes include two clusters of immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)/leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR)/monocyte-macrophage inhibitory receptor (MIR) loci, a cluster of killer cell inhibitor...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Volz A,Wende H,Laun K,Ziegler A

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The innate immune system is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense found in most multicellular organisms. Inducible responses of the innate immune system are triggered upon pathogen recognition by a set of pattern recognition receptors. These receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns shared by large gro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Medzhitov R,Janeway C Jr

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adult mice, the number of B lymphocytes remains constant under homeostatic control, in spite of the fact that B cells are produced continuously in numbers that largely exceed the number required to replenish the peripheral pools. It follows that each newly formed lymphocyte can only persist if another lymphocyte di...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gaudin E,Rosado M,Agenes F,McLean A,Freitas AA

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in cont...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： McGaha TL,Huang L,Lemos H,Metz R,Mautino M,Prendergast GC,Mellor AL

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The general thrust of this volume is to review the roles of accessory cells in regulating T and B lymphocytes. To that end, we have summarized the evidence that indicates the crucial role that Langerhans cells play in the induction and expression of immunity to antigens that gain access to, or arise within, skin. Lang...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Streilein JW,Grammer SF,Yoshikawa T,Demidem A,Vermeer M

更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD69 has been known as an early activation marker of lymphocytes; whereas, recent studies demonstrate that CD69 also has critical functions in immune responses. Early studies using human samples revealed the involvement of CD69 in various inflammatory diseases including asthma. Moreover, murine disease models using Cd...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Kimura MY,Hayashizaki K,Tokoyoda K,Takamura S,Motohashi S,Nakayama T

更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The surface molecules that mediate activation of different subsets of T or NK cells have been reviewed. A suitable approach to the study of different lymphocyte activation pathways is provided by mAbs specific for these molecules. MAbs directed to the CD3 surface molecules mediate a polyclonal T-cell activation, where...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Moretta A,Ciccone E,Pantaleo G,Tambussi G,Bottino C,Melioli G,Mingari MC,Moretta L

更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modif...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Jabri B,Ebert E

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Experiments with transgenic mice illustrate clonal elimination of T cells specific for antigens expressed appropriately in the thymus, but presence of inducible T cells when the antigen presented on class I MHC antigens is expressed exclusively on non-lymphohemopoietic cells in the periphery (pancreatic beta islet cel...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zinkernagel RM,Pircher HP,Ohashi P,Oehen S,Odermatt B,Mak T,Arnheiter H,Bürki K,Hengartner H

更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptides derived from parasites are presented to T helper cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alpha beta heterodimeric cell-surface molecules. In mice and humans, the genes encoding these antigen-presenting molecules are known to be polymorphic and polygenic. Multiple loci for MHC class II A and B...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： McConnell TJ,Godwin UB,Cuthbertson BJ

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and evasion of the antitumor effector immune response are two of the emerging hallmarks required for oncogenesis and cancer progression. The innate immune system not only plays a critical role in perpetuating these tumor-promoting hallmarks but also in developing anti...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Berraondo P,Minute L,Ajona D,Corrales L,Melero I,Pio R

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Group 1 innate lymphocytes consist of a phenotypically, spatially, and functionally heterogeneous population of NK cells and ILC1s that are engaged during pathogen invasion. We are only beginning to understand the context-dependent roles that different subsets of group 1 innate lymphocytes play during homeostatic pert...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Adams NM,Sun JC

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating an enormous array of pathogens due to the extremely diverse antigen receptor repertoire of T and B lymphocytes. However, the development of lymphocytes bearing receptors with unique specificities requires the generation of programmed double strand breaks (DSB...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Matei IR,Guidos CJ,Danska JS

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The AIDS pandemic is a global emergency and a preventive vaccine is urgently needed. CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses appear important in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques. The utility of vaccines that induce high levels of SIV- or HIV-specific T...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Kent SJ,Ada GL,Hayes E,Lewis IM

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used for more than 50 years to combat hematologic malignancies. In addition to being the first stem cell therapy, transplantation has provided evidence for the potent anti-tumor effects of T cells. Facilitating T-cell-based immunity against malignancies requires a caref...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Ghosh A,Holland AM,van den Brink MR

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement is a humoral factor of innate immunity and plays important roles in immune surveillance and clearance of invading pathogens. Mammalian complement consists of the classical (antibody-dependent), the alternative (antibody-independent) and the lectin (triggered by mannose-binding lectin) pathways of activation...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Nakao M,Yano T

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00