Abstract：
BACKGROUND:The highest velocity that a runner can sustain during middle distance races is defined by the intersection of the runner's individual velocity-time curve and the distance-time curve. The velocity-time curve is presumably fixed at the onset of a race; however, whereas the race distance is ostensibly fixed, the actual distance-time curve is not. That is, it is possible for a runner to run further than the race distance if he or she runs wide on bends in track races. In this instance, the point of intersection of the individual velocity-time curve and the distance-time curve will move downwards and to the right, reducing the best average velocity that can be sustained for the distance. METHODS:To illustrate this point, the race tactics used by the gold and silver medallists at 800 m and 5000 m in the Sydney Olympics were analysed. The paths taken by the runners were carefully tracked and the total distance they covered during the races and the average velocity they sustained over the distances they actually covered were calculated. RESULTS:In both the Olympic 800 m and 5000 m finals, for example, the winner was not the runner who ran at the highest average velocity in the race. Rather, the winners of these races were able to husband their metabolic resources to better effect by running closer to the actual race distance. CONCLUSIONS:Race results in middle distance running events are dependent not just on the energetic potential of the runners at the start of the race and their strategy for pace allocation, but also on the effect of their tactical approach to positioning on the total distance covered in the race. Middle distance runners should be conscious of minimising the distance covered in races if they wish to optimise their performance.
journal_name
Br J Sports Medjournal_title
British journal of sports medicineauthors
Jones AM,Whipp BJdoi
10.1136/bjsm.36.2.102keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-04-01 00:00:00pages
102-4issue
2eissn
0306-3674issn
1473-0480journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章abstract：OBJECTIVES:The menstrual cycle can affect sports participation and exercise performance. There are very few data on specific menstrual cycle symptoms (symptoms during various phases of the cycle, not only during menstruation) experienced by exercising women. We aimed to characterise the most common symptoms, as well as...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2020-102792
更新日期：2020-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Back protectors for snowboarders were analysed with respect to their potential to prevent spinal injury. DESIGN:In 20 Swiss skiing resorts, athletes were interviewed on the slope. In addition, an online survey was conducted. The performance of 12 commercially available back protectors was investigated by mea...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2010.072728
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A previously healthy 19 year old male presented to the emergency department complaining of soreness in his neck, difficulty taking a deep breath, and a "crinkly feeling" in his neck and upper chest after running a marathon. He was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. He did not require any intervention or hos...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2006.027862
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a well-recognised risk factor for dementia and represents a vital opportunity for intervening. Exercise is a promising strategy for combating cognitive decline by improving brain structure and function. Specifically, aerobic training (AT) improved spatial memory and hippoca...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2013-093184
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine the rate and type of injuries occurring to registered professional kickboxers in Victoria, Australia over a 16 year period. METHODS:Data describing all fight outcomes and injuries sustained during competition for the period August 1985 to August 2001 were obtained from the Victorian Professiona...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.37.5.448
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to identify injury-proneness in female competitive gymnasts, 20 measures of flexibility, hypermobility, spinal posture and anthropometry were performed on 40 competitive gymnasts and injury scores were derived from the severity and extent of previous gymnastic injury and inherent hypermobility traits. Results...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.20.1.31
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anabolic steroids use is commonly perceived to be the domain of the higher echelons of competitive athletes. However, a great deal of anabolic steroid use occurs in private gymnasia (non-local authority) among non-competitive recreational athletes. Our study has attempted to give an insight into the prevalence of the ...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.26.4.259
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM/OBJECTIVE:There is ongoing controversy about persistent neurological deficits in active and former football (soccer) players. We reviewed the literature for associations between football activities (including heading/head injuries) and decline in brain structure/function. DESIGN:Systematic literature review. DATA...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2016-096593
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The physical demands of modern basketball were assessed by investigating 38 elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. Computerised time-motion analyses were performed on 18 players of various positions. Heart rate was recorded continuously for all subjects. Blood was sampled before the start of ea...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2006.032318
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Major head injuries are not uncommon in the Irish national game of hurling. Historically, helmets were not worn. METHODS:We report a multistage campaign to facilitate and encourage the use of appropriate headgear among the estimated 100 000 hurling players in Ireland. This campaign lasted for 27 years betwe...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2012-092014
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A prospective study of ocular injuries sustained during sport, was performed from January to June 1987. A total of 84 eye injuries were seen. Of these, 23 were severe enough to necessitate admission to hospital. These latter accounted for one quarter of all severe eye injuries during this period. Racquet sports caused...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.21.4.168
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The influence of an exercise programme performed by healthy pregnant women on maternal glucose tolerance was studied. STUDY DESIGN:A physical activity (PA, land/aquatic activities) programme during the entire pregnancy (three sessions per week) was conducted by a qualified instructor. 83 healthy pregnant wom...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2011-090009
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Groin pain in athletes occurs frequently and can be difficult to treat, which may partly be due to the lack of agreement on diagnostic terminology. OBJECTIVE:To perform a short Delphi survey on terminology agreement for groin pain in athletes by a group of experts. METHODS:A selected number of experts were...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2015-094807
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Very little data have been published on medical imaging services at disability games. 7.9 million euros (£6.6 million, US$11 million) were invested in setting up radiology facilities within purpose built polyclinics at the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games. This paper details imaging services at the 2...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2013-093386
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To systematically review evidence of primary outcomes from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of treatment strategies on quality of life (QoL) or psychosocial factors in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN:Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES:Medline, Embase...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2017-098099
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:A suboptimal haematological status has often been recorded in athletes involved in intensive physical activity. There have even been reports of "sports anaemia" associated with intensive physical exercise. However, studies on the effect of different types of exercise practiced over a long period of time on t...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.34.3.200
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In all studies in which the strength of the neck extensor muscles has been measured, the level of thoracic support has been adjusted differently so direct comparison of the results is not possible. OBJECTIVE:To measure and compare the isometric force and isometric torque of neck extensor muscles at differen...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2007.040709
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The accurate measurement of physical activity is crucial to understanding the relationship between physical activity and disease prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE:The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the activPAL physical activity monitor in measuring step n...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2006.027276
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate and synthesise the literature on hip strength among patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP) to address the following: (1) differentiate between hip strength as a risk factor and associated deficit in PFP; (2) describe hip strength in men and women with PFP across different age ranges; (3) investig...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2013-093305
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Athletic groin pain (AGP) is an encompassing term for the multitude of chronic conditions presenting as pain in the inguinal region. The purpose of this review was to compare the return to play rates (RTPrate) and return to play times (RTPtime) between surgical and rehabilitation interventions in the treatme...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2014-093715
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The ability to predict injury is difficult. Prior injury is the only risk factor that has been reported consistently in multiple research studies. Convenient and easy to perform, physical performance tests (PPTs) have great allure as prognostic factors. METHODS:11 PPTs were issued to 359 participants over t...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2015-094885
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe the prevalence of doping and its progression in a cohort of preadolescent athletes during a 4-year follow-up. DESIGN AND SETTINGS:Prospective cohort study. Self-questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS:All of the pupils entering the first year of secondary school (sixth grade) in the Vosges Départemen...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2007.035733
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Injuries are common in youth soccer, of which ankle injuries form a significant proportion. However, there is a lack of prospective data on the epidemiology and nature of these injuries. AIM:To prospectively study the incidence of ankle injuries in three Football Association (FA) academies, with particular ...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2009.067900
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A central debate in the exercise sciences is the cause of the fatigue that develops especially during high intensity exercise of short duration. The most popular theory holds that this form of exercise is limited by a peripherally based, metabolite induced failure of skeletal muscle contractile function, independent o...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.2003.009761
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of varying interdental bite platform thickness of the scuba mouthpiece on airway efficiency. METHODS:10 male divers had their mean peak flow measured for free breathing, maximum flow with diving mouthpiece, teeth in occlusion, and for five experimental mouthpieces with different thi...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.30.2.145
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An élite athlete engaged in a longitudinal programme of physiological assessment suffered a loss of performance that was later ascribed to an asymptomatic viral illness. In this 15-month, single subject, repeated measures study it was possible to demonstrate a severe decrease of exercise performance following viral il...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.27.3.157
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is thankfully rare for extenuating circumstances to fully test the processes and procedures enshrined in national and world antidoping authorities' rules and laws. It is also thankfully very rare that a failed drugs test can have some positive implications. Antidoping laws are undoubtedly focused on ensuring fair c...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2014-093550
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To assess the results of inferior capsular shift for multidirectional instability of the shoulder in athletes. METHODS:Multidirectional instability was surgically corrected in 53 shoulders in 47 athletes who engaged in contact sports. A history of major trauma was found in eight patients, the others having ...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1136/bjsm.36.4.290
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate knee osteoarthritis (OA) risk following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus or combined ACL and meniscus injury. DESIGN:Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science until November 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIE...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2018-100022
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Low physical activity (PA) levels which increase the risk of chronic disease are reported by two-thirds of the general UK population. Promotion of PA by primary healthcare professionals is advocated but more evidence is needed regarding effective ways of integrating this within everyday practice. This study ...
journal_title：British journal of sports medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1136/bjsports-2012-091581
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
