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Persistent effects of playing football and associated (subconcussive) head trauma on brain structure and function: a systematic review of the literature.

Abstract：

AIM/OBJECTIVE:There is ongoing controversy about persistent neurological deficits in active and former football (soccer) players. We reviewed the literature for associations between football activities (including heading/head injuries) and decline in brain structure/function. DESIGN:Systematic literature review. DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane-CRCT, SportDiscus, Cochrane-DSR=4 (accessed 2 August 2016). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES:Original studies reporting on football-related persistent effects on brain structure/function. Results from neurocognitive testing, neuroimaging and EEG were compared with controls and/or correlated with heading frequency and/or head injuries. Methodological quality was rated for risk-of-bias, including appropriateness of controls, correction for multiple statistical testing and assessment of heading frequency and head injuries. RESULTS:30 studies with 1691 players were included. Those 57% (8/14) of case-control studies reporting persistent neurocognitive impairment had higher odds for inappropriate control of type 1 errors (OR=17.35 (95% CI (10.61 to 28.36)) and for inappropriate selection of controls (OR=1.72 (1.22 to 2.43)) than studies observing no impairment. Studies reporting a correlation between heading frequency and neurocognitive deficits (6/17) had lower quality of heading assessment (OR=14.20 (9.01 to 22.39)) than studies reporting no such correlation. In 7 of 13 studies (54%), the number of head injuries correlated with the degree of neurocognitive impairment. Abnormalities on neuroimaging (6/8 studies) were associated with subclinical neurocognitive deficits in 3 of 4 studies. SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS:Various methodological shortcomings limit the evidence for persistent effects of football play on brain structure/function. Sources of bias include low-quality assessment of heading frequency, inappropriate control for type 1 errors and inappropriate selection of controls. Combining neuroimaging techniques with neurocognitive testing in prospective studies seems most promising to further clarify on the impact of football on the brain.

journal_name

Br J Sports Med

journal_title

British journal of sports medicine

authors

Tarnutzer AA,Straumann D,Brugger P,Feddermann-Demont N

doi

10.1136/bjsports-2016-096593

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2017-11-01 00:00:00

pages

1592-1604

issue

eissn

0306-3674

issn

1473-0480

pii

bjsports-2016-096593

journal_volume

pub_type

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Persistent effects of playing football and associated (subconcussive) head trauma on brain structure and function: a systematic review of the literature.