Abstract:
:T cells, as they develop in the thymus come to express antigen receptors. The specificity of these receptors cannot be predicted and must include many with potential anti-self reactivity. Those that encounter self-antigens, in association with self-MHC (major histocompatibility complex), with high affinity are inactivated and do not leave the thymus. Not all self-antigens however are expressed in the thymus and thus many potentially self-reactive T cells enter the periphery. It poses therefore a fundamental immunological question: how peripheral self-tolerance is maintained in health? Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the activation of T cells, especially naïve T cells. Their importance in initiating immune responses against pathogens has been well established. However, DC represent complex populations of cells. Recent advances in our knowledge including molecular understanding of DC/T cell interactions have begun to reveal another important dimension of DC functions in the periphery, being not only initiators but also regulators of the immune system. This review summarises recent findings on the roles of DC in the regulation of immune responses and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, in an attempt to explain how break down of this may lead to immunopathologies and autoimmunity. The concept of a regulatory DC and its possible role in the generation of T regulatory cells in health and in diseases are also discussed. Based on these, the need for a "continuing education" of the immune system throughout one's life, in which DC are again the "tutors", is postulated.
journal_name
Curr Mol Medjournal_title
Current molecular medicineauthors
Huang FP,MacPherson GGdoi
10.2174/1566524013363573keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-09-01 00:00:00pages
457-68issue
4eissn
1566-5240issn
1875-5666journal_volume
1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein that is produced by multiple tissues in our body and is most abundant in bone. It is also produced by cancer cells and plays a determinative role in the growth, progression and metastasis of cancer. Clinically, OPN has been reported to be upregulated in tumor cells per se; ...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652410791065381
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth and metastatic spreading in many experimental models, suggesting that anti-angiogenic drugs may be used to treat human cancer. During the past decade more than eighty molecules that showed anti-angiogenic activity in preclinical studies were tested in clinical c...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524033479410
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sickle cell disease (SCD) and beta-thalassemia (also referred to as beta-thalassemia) are common hereditary hemoglobinopathies with differing pathophysiologies and clinical courses. However, patients with both diseases exhibit increased platelet and coagulation activation, as well as decreased levels of natural antico...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652408786241366
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enteroviruses are common human pathogens involved in a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from mild or non-symptomatic illness to severe diseases with neurological and/or cardiac manifestation. Despite being responsible for significant morbidity and mortality especially in immunocompromised patients and infant...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524011009060550
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, 10q23.3) is the dominant phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of the 3-position phosphate from the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 triphosphate (PIP3), and thereby directly antagonizes the actions mediated by Phosphatidylinositol...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524013666131118100542
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autophagy is a bulk cytosolic degradative process which in the last few years has become a key pathway for the advancement of molecular medicine. Autophagy (cellular self-eating) has several implications in human disorders involving accumulation of cytosolic protein aggregates such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington ...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652408783769634
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gastric cancer is thought to result from a combination of environmental factors and the accumulation of specific genetic alterations due to increasing genetic instability, and consequently affects mainly older patients. Less than 10% of patients present with the disease before 45 years of age (early onset gastric carc...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652407779940503
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::p53 tumor suppressor plays a pivotal role in maintaining genomic integrity and preventing cancer development. The importance of p53 in tumor suppression is illustrated by the observation that about 50% human tumor cells have a dysfunctional p53 pathway. Although it has been well accepted that the activity of p53 is ma...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652408786733748
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::HIV infection causes an acquired immunodeficiency, principally because of depletion of CD4 lymphocytes. The mechanism by which the virus depletes these cells, however, is not clearly understood. Since the virus predominantly infects CD4 lymphocytes in vivo, some have assumed that HIV replication directly kills the inf...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524013363320
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524043360375
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become increasingly widely used to determine regions of the genome which may contain loci influencing the risk of neurological disorders. While linkage studies have identified genes that cause a number of Mendelian disorders, linkage analysis is less well suited for the more...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652409789105534
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be recruited to tumor sites and integrate into the stroma of tumors. When co-cultured with BMSCs, otherwise weakly metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (NPC) showed improved metastatic ability. BMSCs in the tumor environment displayed the characteristics of m...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1566524014666140724102301
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To detect mutations of trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and to determine the underlying pathogenesis. METHODS:DNA sequencing was used to detect full-length of PRSS1, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1566524013666131118114432
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/156652412803833643
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is reported to play a protective role against diabetic vascular complications through its anti-oxidative properties. However, since a commercially available kit is not suitable for measurement of serum PEDF in humans, kinetics and regulation of serum PEDF are not known in these...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/156652410791065318
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fibromyalgia (FM) is a prevalent disorder defined by the presence of chronic widespread pain in association with fatigue, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. Recent studies indicate that bipolar spectrum disorders frequently co-occur in individuals with FM. Furthermore, shared pathophysiological mechanisms a...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524016666160126144027
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our current understanding of the mechanisms of information processing and storage in the brain, based on the concept proposed more than fifty years ago by D. Hebb, is that a key role is played by changes in synaptic efficacy induced by coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity. Decades of studies of the properties of ...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524023362041
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is now recognized as a B-cell-derived lymphoma which is characterized by only about 1% malignant pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells and an abundant infiltrate of reactive bystander cells. HRS cells are unique with respect to their lost B-cell-specific gene expression ...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652411795243423
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maintenance of ex vivo hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) pool and its differentiated progeny is regulated by complex network of transcriptional factors, cell cycle proteins, extracellular matrix, and their microenvironment through an orchestrated fashion. Strides have been made to understand the mechanisms regulating in ...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652412798376125
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prostate cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to treat especially when it becomes hormone resistant such as castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and subsequent metastatic CRPC. Apart from the genetic alterations in prostate cancer, epigenetic modifications also play an important role in the development and...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524018666171219101937
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The world is aging and we must face the challenges that this brings. One of the reasons for the increasing aging of the world's population is the increase in life expectancy and, since we live longer, it is of paramount importance to live well and to prevent age-associated diseases. In this way, it is crucial to impro...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524018666180907162955
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Persistent hyperlactatemia is associated with greater mortality in shock. Liver is the main site of lactate metabolism. METHOD:In the first part, freshly isolated hepatocytes were incubated in 10% fetal bovine serum William's E medium supplemented with 10 mM lactate. Cells were then exposed to 100 μM ursode...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1566524020666200123161340
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, the combining of different drugs has greatly improved response and survival rates in gynecological malignancies. Results are however far from being satisfactory. Treatments used in case of advanced or recurrent disease offer limited results in terms of long-term responses. The urgent need for new and more ef...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/1566524011313040014
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The central role of glutamate receptors in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death in stroke, epilepsy and trauma has been well established. Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid transmitter within the CNS and it's signaling is mediated by a number of postsynaptic ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Although ca...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524043479202
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The generation of functional neural progenitor cells (NPCs) independent of donor brain tissue and embryonic tissues is of great therapeutic interest with regard to regenerative medicine and the possible treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Traditionally, NPCs are derived through the differentiation of embryonic s...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/156652412798889018
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-invasive energy metabolism measurements in brain tumors in vivo are now performed widely as molecular imaging by positron emission tomography. This capability has developed from a large number of basic and clinical science investigations that have cross fertilized one another. Apart from precise anatomical localiz...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652408786733766
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In vertebrates, cilium is crucial for Hedgehog signaling transduction. Forkhead box transcriptional factor FoxF1 is reported to be associated with Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling in many cases. However, the role of FoxF1 in cilium remains unknown. Here, we showed an essential role of FoxF1 in the regulation o...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.2174/1566524019666190405115420
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deregulation of the PI3K pathway is common in human cancer. The basic players in this pathway are the kinases PI3K and AKT and the phosphatase PTEN. This review will summarize some of the key animal models that have helped us understand this signaling network and its contribution to tumorigenesis. Recently, great adva...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/156652409788488766
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Germline mutations in the VHL tumour suppressor gene may cause a variety of phenotypes including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, familial phaeochromocytoma and inherited polycythaemia. VHL disease is a multisystem familial cancer syndrome and is the commonest cause of familial renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL disease ...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524043359827
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have great potential as a robust source of progenitors for regenerative medicine. The novel technology also enables the derivation of patient-specific cells for applications to personalized medicine, such as for personal drug screening and toxicology. However, the biologic...
journal_title:Current molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/1566524011313050010
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00