Abstract:
:Spatial epidemiology is the description and analysis of geographic variations in disease with respect to demographic, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, genetic, and infectious risk factors. We focus on small-area analyses, encompassing disease mapping, geographic correlation studies, disease clusters, and clustering. Advances in geographic information systems, statistical methodology, and availability of high-resolution, geographically referenced health and environmental quality data have created unprecedented new opportunities to investigate environmental and other factors in explaining local geographic variations in disease. They also present new challenges. Problems include the large random component that may predominate disease rates across small areas. Though this can be dealt with appropriately using Bayesian statistics to provide smooth estimates of disease risks, sensitivity to detect areas at high risk is limited when expected numbers of cases are small. Potential biases and confounding, particularly due to socioeconomic factors, and a detailed understanding of data quality are important. Data errors can result in large apparent disease excess in a locality. Disease cluster reports often arise nonsystematically because of media, physician, or public concern. One ready means of investigating such concerns is the replication of analyses in different areas based on routine data, as is done in the United Kingdom through the Small Area Health Statistics Unit (and increasingly in other European countries, e.g., through the European Health and Environment Information System collaboration). In the future, developments in exposure modeling and mapping, enhanced study designs, and new methods of surveillance of large health databases promise to improve our ability to understand the complex relationships of environment to health.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Elliott P,Wartenberg Ddoi
10.1289/ehp.6735subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-06-01 00:00:00pages
998-1006issue
9eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
112pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Cooking, heat processing, or pyrolysis of protein-rich foods induce the formation of a series of structurally related heterocyclic aromatic bases that have been found to be mutagens. The primary genetic assay utilized to detect and isolate these mutagens has been the his reversion assay in Salmonella typhimurium. The ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.866793
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::An association between human illness and exposure to Pfiesteria was first observed among laboratory personnel working with the microorganism. In 1997, in the setting of Pfiesteria activity on the Pocomoke River in Maryland, difficulties with learning and memory were epidemiologically associated with high-level exposur...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109s5787
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Evidence indicates that air pollution contributes to cardiopulmonary mortality. There is ongoing debate regarding the size and shape of the pollution–mortality exposure–response relationship. There are also growing appeals for estimates of pollution–mortality relationships that use public data and are based ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP4438
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human milk is a repository for certain classes of long-lived, fat-soluble environmental contaminant chemicals. Some members of this class, such as the chlorinated pesticides and the chlorinated biphenyls, can be expected to be present at chemical waste disposal sites. Analysis of samples of breast milk obtained from w...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.834887
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previously we have demonstrated that several xenobiotics can induce multidrug (mdr) gene expression in cultures of primary isolated hepatocytes. One of the best of these xenobiotic inducers in rat hepatocytes is 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), which induces mdr expression by an enhancement of mdr gene transcription. In...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s6209
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article provides an overview of methods for reliability assessment of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models in the context of regulatory acceptance of human health and environmental QSARs. Useful diagnostic tools and data analytical approaches are highlighted and exemplified. Particular empha...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.5758
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The rapidly increasing dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in both humans and animals poses a global threat to public health. However, the transmission of CRE between humans and animals has not yet been well studied. OBJECTIVES:We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and dri...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP5251
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cigarette smoke exposure in utero and during early postnatal development increases the incidence of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) later in life, suggesting that a possible critical period of developmental sensitivity exists in the prenatal and early postnatal periods. OBJECTIVE:We investigated...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0800511
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Agricultural use of antimicrobials in subtherapeutic concentrations is increasing in response to the rising demand for food animal products worldwide. In India, the use of antimicrobials in food animal production is unregulated. Research suggests that many clinically important antimicrobials are used indiscr...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP292
更新日期:2017-07-20 00:00:00
abstract::We conducted a case-control study to determine the contribution of lead to blood from consumption of calcium supplements approximating the recommended daily intakes over a 6-month period. Subjects were males and females ages 21 to 47 years (geometric mean 32 years) with a geometric mean blood lead concentration of 2.5...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109283
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The methylation of specific cytosine residues in DNA has been implicated in regulating gene expression and facilitating functional specialization of cellular phenotypes. Generally, the demethylation of certain CpG sites correlates with transcriptional activation of genes. 5-Azacytidine is an inhibitor of DNA methylati...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8980189
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perchlorate (ClO4-) has been detected in groundwater sources in numerous communities in California and other parts of the United States, raising concerns about potential impacts on health. For California communities where ClO4- was tested in 1997 and 1998, we evaluated the prevalence of primary congenital hypothyroidi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8176
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cockroaches and mice, which are common in urban homes, are sources of allergens capable of triggering asthma symptoms. Traditional pest control involves the use of scheduled applications of pesticides by professionals as well as pesticide use by residents. In contrast, integrated pest management (IPM) involv...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0800149
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The normal mucociliary epithelium of the respiratory tract in chronic cigarette smokers often is replaced focally by a metaplastic squamous epithelium. Because asbestos workers who smoke have a substantially greater risk of bronchogenic carcinoma than nonsmokers, we hypothesized that interaction of asbestos with squam...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.835127
更新日期:1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The presence of blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in surface waters used for drinking water sources and recreation is receiving increasing attention around the world as a public health concern. However, potential risks from exposure to these toxins in contaminated health food products that contain BGA have been largely ig...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108435
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Droplets of toluene and three chlorinated organics, ortho-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and trichloroethylene, were pyrolyzed in pure nitrogen. The composition and bacterial mutagenicity of the product tars were measured. The presence of organic chlorine was found to affect both pyrolysis product tar compositio...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s1283
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) are persistent idiopathic symptoms that drive patients to seek medical care. MUPS syndromes include chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, and multiple chemical sensitivities. When MUPS occur after an environmental exposure or injury, an adversarial social conte...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s4641
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We analyzed questionnaire and physician examination data for 1560 new immigrants from the former USSR divided into three groups by potential exposure to Chernobyl radiation. Two groups were chosen according to soil contamination by cesium-137 at former residences, as confirmed by our findings in a 137Cs body burden st...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103936
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surface IR (infrared) modes of crystalline and fumed (amorphous) silica particles, calcined at temperatures up to 1095 degrees C, have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ability of these same particles to lyse cells has been measured by a hemolysis protocol. The untreated crystalline and amor...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9086327
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies have examined fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.5) and preterm birth, but there is a dearth of longitudinal studies on this topic and a paucity of studies that have investigated specific sources of this exposure. OBJECTIVES:Our aim was to assess whether anthropogenic sources are associ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1307741
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent data from deep uranium mines in Czechoslovakia indicated that mines are exposed to other mutagenic factors in addition to radon daughter products. Mycotoxins were identified as a possible source of mutagens in these mines. Mycotoxins were examined in 38 samples from mines and in throat swabs taken from 116 mine...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.101-1521117
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of a series of haloalkanes, haloethanols and haloacetaldehydes to induce mutations in Salmonella typhrimurium and preferentially to inhibit the growth of DNA polymerase-deficient E. coli (pol A(+)/pol A(-)) was investigated. For the haloalkanes investigated, the order of reactivities towards the E. coli po...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.772179
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used in agriculture and homes. Animal studies suggest that even moderate doses are neurodevelopmental toxicants, but there are few studies in humans. OBJECTIVES:We investigated the relationship of prenatal and child OP urinary metabolite levels with children's neur...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9828
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The types of biological response to an environmental agent can depend on dose, thus in this case a family of widely different dose-response relationships would be expected. For those situations where the magnitude of the effect may be determined on probabilistic grounds as a function of dose ("stochastic" model), no p...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.814245
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report on findings from a 2-year follow-up study of immigrants originating from exposed areas around the site of the 1986 Chernobyl accident matched with comparison subjects emigrating from other republics in the Confederation of Independent States. In the initial study of 708 immigrants, the samples were matched b...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s61545
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Microcystin-producing Microcystis bloom is a severe water problem in the world. Some reports indicate that chronic exposure to microcystin may result in liver damage in adults, but information on effects in children is limited. OBJECTIVE:We investigated the relationship between microcystin exposure and live...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1002412
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We previously demonstrated that among 54 infants in neonatal intensive care units, exposure to polyvinyl chloride plastic medical devices containing the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is associated with urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) , a DEHP metabolite. In this f...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8926
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (Gal-GalNAc) represents a tumor-associated molecule, which is assumed to be one of the few chemically well-defined antigens with a proven association with malignancy. In order to analyze the role of the carbohydrate structure Gal-GalNAc for gastrointestinal tumors, we immunized Balb/c ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9088255
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The in vivo micronucleus assay can be analyzed by comparing the number of micronuclei (MN) of several dose groups with those of a control group. In several publications, difficulties arose in estimating a suitable distribution for MN, even in the untreated historical control groups. Mitchell et al. described the prese...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s1121
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We characterized an endocrine disruptor from ground corncob bedding material that interferes with male and female sexual behavior and ovarian cyclicity in rats and stimulates estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cell proliferation. The agents were identified as an isomeric mixture of...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10659
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00