Ion transport pathology in the mechanism of sickle cell dehydration.

abstract：:The past two decades have witnessed an explosive growth of knowledge regarding postischemic myocardial dysfunction or myocardial "stunning." The purpose of this review is to summarize current information regarding the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Myocardial stunning should not be regarded as a ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Bolli R,Marbán E

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Animals synchronize to the environmental day-night cycle by means of an internal circadian clock in the brain. In mammals, this timekeeping mechanism is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and is entrained by light input from the retina. One output of the SCN is a neural code for circadian ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Harvey JRM,Plante AE,Meredith AL

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the operation of the microcircuits in the spinal cord to the systems and behavioral levels and extend from mammalian locomotion to the bas...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Grillner S,El Manira A

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that provide nutrients, recycle neurotransmitters, as well as fulfill a wide range of other homeostasis maintaining functions. During the past two decades, astrocytes emerged also as increasingly important regulators of neuronal functions inclu...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Pekny M,Pekna M

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mammalian sirtuins have emerged in recent years as critical modulators of multiple biological processes, regulating cellular metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and mitochondrial biology. As such, they evolved to play key roles in organismal homeostasis, and defects in these proteins have been linked to a plethor...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Chang AR,Ferrer CM,Mostoslavsky R

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Its distribution is episodic among the nonvertebrate groups in contrast to vertebrates. Nonvertebrate Hbs range from single-chain globins found in bacteria, algae, protozoa, and plants to large, multisubunit, multidomain Hbs found in nematodes, molluscs a...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Weber RE,Vinogradov SN

更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its homologs from diverse marine animals are widely used as universal genetically encoded fluorescent labels. Many laboratories have focused their efforts on identification and development of fluorescent proteins with novel characteristics and en...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Chudakov DM,Matz MV,Lukyanov S,Lukyanov KA

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit several growth responses to agonists that regulate their function including proliferation (hyperplasia with an increase in cell number), hypertrophy (an increase in cell size without change in DNA content), endoreduplication (an increase in DNA content and usually size), and...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Berk BC

更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is generally accepted that metabolism is able to shape the immune response. Only recently we are gaining awareness that the metabolic crosstalk between different tumor compartments strongly contributes to the harsh tumor microenvironment (TME) and ultimately impairs immune cell fitness and effector functions. The m...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Riera-Domingo C,Audigé A,Granja S,Cheng WC,Ho PC,Baltazar F,Stockmann C,Mazzone M

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While transport processes for amino acids and glucose have long been known to be expressed in the luminal and abluminal membranes of the endothelium comprising the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, it is only within the last decades that endothelial and smooth muscle cells derived from peripheral vascular beds h...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mann GE,Yudilevich DL,Sobrevia L

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital for health. Glucose enters the muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose transporter which translocates from intracellular storage depots to the plasma membrane and T-tubules upon muscle contraction. Here ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Richter EA,Hargreaves M

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eukaryotes are characterized by endomembranes that are connected by vesicular transport along secretory and endocytic pathways. The compositional differences between the various cellular membranes are maintained by sorting events, and it has long been believed that sorting is based solely on protein-protein interactio...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Holthuis JC,Pomorski T,Raggers RJ,Sprong H,Van Meer G

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the molecular stratagems utilized by bacteria, yeast, and mammals in their adaptation to hypoxia. Among this broad range of organisms, changes in oxygen tension appear to be sensed by heme proteins, with subsequent transfer of electrons along a signal transduction pathway which may depend on rea...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Bunn HF,Poyton RO

更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The multifunctional Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is now recognized to play a central role in pathological events in the cardiovascular system. CaMKII has diverse downstream targets that promote vascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias, so improved understanding of CaMKII signalin...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Erickson JR,He BJ,Grumbach IM,Anderson ME

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology an...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mazzone SB,Undem BJ

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The birth of molecular cardiology can be traced to the development and implementation of high-fidelity genetic approaches for manipulating the heart. Recombinant viral vector-based technology offers a highly effective approach to genetically engineer cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights discover...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Davis J,Westfall MV,Townsend D,Blankinship M,Herron TJ,Guerrero-Serna G,Wang W,Devaney E,Metzger JM

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biosynthesis and Degradation of CFTR. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S167-S173, 1999. - Many of the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause cystic fibrosis interfere with the folding and biosynthetic processing of nascent CFTR molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutat...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kopito RR

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review summarizes the receptor-mediated vascular activities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the structurally related peptide adrenomedullin (AM). CGRP is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide, primarily released from sensory nerves, whilst AM is produced by stimulated vascular cells, and amylin is secreted f...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Brain SD,Grant AD

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular calcium (Ca(2+)) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in intracellular Ca(2+) through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism for coordinating multicellular responses. ICWs occur in a wide diversity of cells and have been extensively studied in vitro. More recent stud...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Leybaert L,Sanderson MJ

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The neuromuscular junction is the chemical synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. It is designed to reliably convert the action potential from the presynaptic motor neuron into the contraction of the postsynaptic muscle fiber. Diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction may cause failure of this...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Tintignac LA,Brenner HR,Rüegg MA

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibili...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Watkins LR,Maier SF

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiog...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Eelen G,de Zeeuw P,Treps L,Harjes U,Wong BW,Carmeliet P

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is now apparent that regulation of blood vessel growth contributes to the classical actions of hormones on development, growth, and reproduction. Endothelial cells are ideally positioned to respond to hormones, which act in concert with locally produced chemical mediators to regulate their growth, motility, functio...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Clapp C,Thebault S,Jeziorski MC,Martínez De La Escalera G

更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The function and survival of all organisms is dependent on the dynamic control of energy metabolism, when energy demand is matched to energy supply. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals that control energy balance through the regulation o...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Steinberg GR,Kemp BE

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glial cells respond to various electrical, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones, with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The increases exhibit a variety of temporal and spatial patterns. These [Ca2+]i responses result from the coordinated ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Verkhratsky A,Orkand RK,Kettenmann H

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Given the large amount of genome-wide data that have been collected during the last decades, a good understanding of how and why cells change during development, homeostasis, and disease might be expected. Unfortunately, the opposite is true; triggers that cause cellular state changes remain elusive, and the underlyin...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Breunig CT,Köferle A,Neuner AM,Wiesbeck MF,Baumann V,Stricker SH

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which lay...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Haraldsson B,Nyström J,Deen WM

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last few years there has been a veritable explosion of knowledge about cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. In particular, the accumulating data showing that there are a large number of different phosphodiesterase isozymes have triggered an equally large increase in interest about these enzymes. At least seven...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Beavo JA

更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein toxins such as ricin and Shiga toxin with intracellular targets have to be endocytosed and translocated to the cytosol to inhibit the protein synthesis and thereby kill the cell. Ricin is internalized by both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytic mechanisms, whereas Shiga toxin seems to be taken up exc...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Sandvig K,van Deurs B

更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transepithelial movement of fluids, electrolytes, and larger molecules is achieved by the activity of a host of specialized transporting proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and channels, that are located on either the apical, basal, or lateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial cells. In the kidney as well ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Brown D,Stow JL

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00