Abstract:
:The transepithelial movement of fluids, electrolytes, and larger molecules is achieved by the activity of a host of specialized transporting proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and channels, that are located on either the apical, basal, or lateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial cells. In the kidney as well as in all other organs, this remarkable polarity of epithelial cells depends on the selective insertion of newly synthesized and recycling proteins and lipids into distinct plasma membrane domains and on the maintenance and modulation of these specialized domains once they are established during epithelial development. This review addresses the mechanisms by which epithelial cells control the movement of membrane components within the cell to ensure that they are delivered to the correct target membrane. Among the topics discussed are targeting signals within membrane proteins, the role of the cytoskeleton and the tight junctional barrier in cell polarity, and the requirement for accessory proteins in the targeting process, including GTP-binding proteins, and proteins that are involved in vesicle docking and fusion events. The final part of the review is devoted uniquely to the polarized targeting of functionally defined proteins in various kidney cell types. In concluding, examples of how a breakdown in these trafficking pathways may be related to some disease states are presented.
journal_name
Physiol Revjournal_title
Physiological reviewsauthors
Brown D,Stow JLdoi
10.1152/physrev.1996.76.1.245subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-01-01 00:00:00pages
245-97issue
1eissn
0031-9333issn
1522-1210journal_volume
76pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from the realization that abnormalities in fear learning mechanisms likely participate in the development and/or maintenance of human anxiet...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eukaryotes are characterized by endomembranes that are connected by vesicular transport along secretory and endocytic pathways. The compositional differences between the various cellular membranes are maintained by sorting events, and it has long been believed that sorting is based solely on protein-protein interactio...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1689
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are two main classes of hormones in insects: 1) the true hormones produced by epithelial glands and belonging to the ecdysteroids or juvenile hormones and 2) the neuropeptide hormones produced by neurosecretory cells. Members of these classes regulate physiological, developmental, and behavioral events in insect...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.4.963
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The minK gene encodes a protein of 130 amino acids that has a single transmembrane segment and is expressed in many tissues including heart, uterus, and kidney. When Xenopus oocytes are injected with minK mRNA, a very slowly activating voltage-dependent potassium current is induced in these cells. The induced channels...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.627
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glial cells respond to various electrical, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones, with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The increases exhibit a variety of temporal and spatial patterns. These [Ca2+]i responses result from the coordinated ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.99
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two mechanisms. Activation or excitation by these substances of nociceptive nerve endings or fibers implicates generation of action potentials which then tra...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2010
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review is devoted to the molecular genetics and bioenergetics of human mitochondria related to the mechanism of aging. Morphological and functional changes of mitochondria associated with age and age-related disease are overviewed with special reference to the changes in enzymes encoded by mitochondrial-inherent ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.2.425
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given the large amount of genome-wide data that have been collected during the last decades, a good understanding of how and why cells change during development, homeostasis, and disease might be expected. Unfortunately, the opposite is true; triggers that cause cellular state changes remain elusive, and the underlyin...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2019
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. Indeed, chemically, prolactin appears in a multiplicity of pos...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Propagation of excitation in the heart involves action potential (AP) generation by cardiac cells and its propagation in the multicellular tissue. AP conduction is the outcome of complex interactions between cellular electrical activity, electrical cell-to-cell communication, and the cardiac tissue structure. As shown...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2003
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein toxins such as ricin and Shiga toxin with intracellular targets have to be endocytosed and translocated to the cytosol to inhibit the protein synthesis and thereby kill the cell. Ricin is internalized by both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytic mechanisms, whereas Shiga toxin seems to be taken up exc...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1996.76.4.949
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli ranging from cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, cellular stress, and cell adherence. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. The basic assembly of MA...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.143
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for c...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2008
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The anterior pituitary gland has the ability to respond to complex signals derived from central and peripheral systems. Perception of these signals and their integration are mediated by cell interactions and cross-talk of multiple signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulatory networks that cooperate f...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00003.2011
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2003.83.3.835
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived cells of both lymphoid and myeloid stem cell origin that populate all lymphoid organs including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as nearly all nonlymphoid tissues and organs. Although DCs are a moderately diverse set of cells, they all have potent antigen-prese...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2001
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages, and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes. Because iron losses are comparatively very small, iron absor...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00008.2013
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Arp2/3 complex is an evolutionary conserved molecular machine that generates branched actin networks. When activated, the Arp2/3 complex contributes the actin branched junction and thus cross-links the polymerizing actin filaments in a network that exerts a pushing force. The different activators initiate branched...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2017
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of opioid analgesics, resulting in a plethora of compounds with varying affinity and efficacy at all the known opioid receptor subtypes. Althou...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.299
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital for health. Glucose enters the muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose transporter which translocates from intracellular storage depots to the plasma membrane and T-tubules upon muscle contraction. Here ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2012
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2012
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intercellular calcium (Ca(2+)) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in intracellular Ca(2+) through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism for coordinating multicellular responses. ICWs occur in a wide diversity of cells and have been extensively studied in vitro. More recent stud...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2011
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biosynthesis and Degradation of CFTR. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S167-S173, 1999. - Many of the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause cystic fibrosis interfere with the folding and biosynthetic processing of nascent CFTR molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutat...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.S167
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animals synchronize to the environmental day-night cycle by means of an internal circadian clock in the brain. In mammals, this timekeeping mechanism is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and is entrained by light input from the retina. One output of the SCN is a neural code for circadian ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2019
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiog...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2017
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibili...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2002
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focused on results obtained with methods that allow studies of ionic channels in situ, namely, patch clamping and current-noise analysis. We reported findings for ionic channels in apical and basolateral plasma membranes of various tight and leaky epithelia from a wide range of animal species and tissues. ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1985.65.4.833
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review describes recent progress concerning the molecular aspects of the Na+/H+ exchanger. The Na+/H+ exchanger is an important regulator for intracellular pH, cell volume, and transepithelial Na+ transport. It exists in virtually all cells with cell type-dependent pattern of isoform expression, and it is regulat...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.1.51
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neuromuscular junction is the chemical synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. It is designed to reliably convert the action potential from the presynaptic motor neuron into the contraction of the postsynaptic muscle fiber. Diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction may cause failure of this...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2014
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Afferent signals that guide orienting movements converge in the deeper layers of the SC in a wide variety of animals. The sensory cells are arranged topographically according to their receptive-field locations and, thereby, form maps of sensory space. Maps of visual, somatosensory, and/or auditory space have been obta...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1986.66.1.118
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00