Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias.

abstract：:The past two decades have witnessed an explosive growth of knowledge regarding postischemic myocardial dysfunction or myocardial "stunning." The purpose of this review is to summarize current information regarding the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Myocardial stunning should not be regarded as a ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Bolli R,Marbán E

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein toxins such as ricin and Shiga toxin with intracellular targets have to be endocytosed and translocated to the cytosol to inhibit the protein synthesis and thereby kill the cell. Ricin is internalized by both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytic mechanisms, whereas Shiga toxin seems to be taken up exc...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Sandvig K,van Deurs B

更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In electrically nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essential for regulating a host of kinetically distinct processes involving exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. The major Ca(2+) entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of i...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Parekh AB,Putney JW Jr

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages, and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes. Because iron losses are comparatively very small, iron absor...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Ganz T

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The minK gene encodes a protein of 130 amino acids that has a single transmembrane segment and is expressed in many tissues including heart, uterus, and kidney. When Xenopus oocytes are injected with minK mRNA, a very slowly activating voltage-dependent potassium current is induced in these cells. The induced channels...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kaczmarek LK,Blumenthal EM

更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stress induced by accumulation of unfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a classic feature of secretory cells and is observed in many tissues in human diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is achieved by the activation of the unfolded prot...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Hetz C,Martinon F,Rodriguez D,Glimcher LH

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biosynthesis and Degradation of CFTR. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S167-S173, 1999. - Many of the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause cystic fibrosis interfere with the folding and biosynthetic processing of nascent CFTR molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutat...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kopito RR

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tiss...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Stowasser M,Gordon RD

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolic activities. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are the enzymes involved in protecting cells from the damaging effects of ROS. ROS are produced in response to ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, alcohol...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Bhattacharyya A,Chattopadhyay R,Mitra S,Crowe SE

更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Impairments of vision and hearing are highly prevalent conditions limiting the quality of life and presenting a major socioeconomic burden. For a long time, retinal and cochlear disorders have remained intractable for causal therapies, with sensory rehabilitation limited to glasses, hearing aids, and electrical cochle...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kleinlogel S,Vogl C,Jeschke M,Neef J,Moser T

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cardiac muscle and the coronary vasculature are in close proximity to each other, and a two-way interaction, called cross-talk, exists. Here we focus on the mechanical aspects of cross-talk including the role of the extracellular matrix. Cardiac muscle affects the coronary vasculature. In diastole, the effect of t...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Westerhof N,Boer C,Lamberts RR,Sipkema P

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polymers of deoxyhemoglobin S deform sickle cell anemia red blood cells into sickle shapes, leading to the formation of dense, dehydrated red blood cells with a markedly shortened life-span. Nearly four decades of intense research in many laboratories has led to a mechanistic understanding of the complex events leadin...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Lew VL,Bookchin RM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital for health. Glucose enters the muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose transporter which translocates from intracellular storage depots to the plasma membrane and T-tubules upon muscle contraction. Here ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Richter EA,Hargreaves M

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last decade, earlier suggestions that insulin acts at the plasma membrane level via combination with receptors have been amply confirmed in studies of 125I-labeled insulin binding kinetics. Efforts have been devoted to the development of homogeneous, stable, and bioactive tracers, and a preparation of monoi...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Gammeltoft S

更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small GTPases use GDP/GTP alternation to actuate a variety of functional switches that are pivotal for cell dynamics. The GTPase switch is turned on by GEFs, which stimulate dissociation of the tightly bound GDP, and turned off by GAPs, which accelerate the intrinsically sluggish hydrolysis of GTP. For Ras, Rho, and R...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Cherfils J,Zeghouf M

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular research on ion channels has demonstrated that many of these integral membrane proteins associate with partner proteins, often versatile in their function, or even assemble into stable macromolecular complexes that ensure specificity and proper rate of the channel-mediated signal transduction. Calcium-activa...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Berkefeld H,Fakler B,Schulte U

更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A careful review of several different organs shows that with the information available today the beginnings of the microlymphatics in the tissue consist of endothelialized tubes only. Lymphatic smooth muscle within the collecting lymphatics appears further downstream, in some organs only outside the parenchyma. This p...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Schmid-Schönbein GW

更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The microvascular endothelial cell monolayer localized at the critical interface between the blood and vessel wall has the vital functions of regulating tissue fluid balance and supplying the essential nutrients needed for the survival of the organism. The endothelial cell is an exquisite "sensor" that responds to div...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mehta D,Malik AB

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The birth of molecular cardiology can be traced to the development and implementation of high-fidelity genetic approaches for manipulating the heart. Recombinant viral vector-based technology offers a highly effective approach to genetically engineer cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights discover...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Davis J,Westfall MV,Townsend D,Blankinship M,Herron TJ,Guerrero-Serna G,Wang W,Devaney E,Metzger JM

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular calcium (Ca(2+)) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in intracellular Ca(2+) through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism for coordinating multicellular responses. ICWs occur in a wide diversity of cells and have been extensively studied in vitro. More recent stud...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Leybaert L,Sanderson MJ

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The kidneys play a vital role in mineral homeostasis. In this review, the handling of calcium and the methods currently applied to measuring its intracellular concentration are discussed. The bulk of calcium absorption proceeds in proximal tubules, with smaller fractions recovered by thick ascending limbs, distal conv...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Friedman PA,Gesek FA

更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Afferent signals that guide orienting movements converge in the deeper layers of the SC in a wide variety of animals. The sensory cells are arranged topographically according to their receptive-field locations and, thereby, form maps of sensory space. Maps of visual, somatosensory, and/or auditory space have been obta...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Sparks DL

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The anterior pituitary gland has the ability to respond to complex signals derived from central and peripheral systems. Perception of these signals and their integration are mediated by cell interactions and cross-talk of multiple signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulatory networks that cooperate f...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Perez-Castro C,Renner U,Haedo MR,Stalla GK,Arzt E

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple subforms of G proteins together with receptors, effectors, and various regulatory proteins represent the components of a highly versatile sig...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Wettschureck N,Offermanns S

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The distal tubule of the mammalian kidney, defined as the region between the macula densa and the collecting duct, is morphologically and functionally heterogeneous. This heterogeneity has stymied attempts to define functional properties of individual cell types and has led to controversy concerning mechanisms and reg...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Reilly RF,Ellison DH

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The function and survival of all organisms is dependent on the dynamic control of energy metabolism, when energy demand is matched to energy supply. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals that control energy balance through the regulation o...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Steinberg GR,Kemp BE

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Werner S,Grose R

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regu...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Carlström M,Wilcox CS,Arendshorst WJ

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the molecular stratagems utilized by bacteria, yeast, and mammals in their adaptation to hypoxia. Among this broad range of organisms, changes in oxygen tension appear to be sensed by heme proteins, with subsequent transfer of electrons along a signal transduction pathway which may depend on rea...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Bunn HF,Poyton RO

更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiog...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Eelen G,de Zeeuw P,Treps L,Harjes U,Wong BW,Carmeliet P

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00