Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases.

abstract：:In the last few years there has been a veritable explosion of knowledge about cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. In particular, the accumulating data showing that there are a large number of different phosphodiesterase isozymes have triggered an equally large increase in interest about these enzymes. At least seven...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Beavo JA

更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While transport processes for amino acids and glucose have long been known to be expressed in the luminal and abluminal membranes of the endothelium comprising the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, it is only within the last decades that endothelial and smooth muscle cells derived from peripheral vascular beds h...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mann GE,Yudilevich DL,Sobrevia L

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are two main classes of hormones in insects: 1) the true hormones produced by epithelial glands and belonging to the ecdysteroids or juvenile hormones and 2) the neuropeptide hormones produced by neurosecretory cells. Members of these classes regulate physiological, developmental, and behavioral events in insect...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Gäde G,Hoffmann KH,Spring JH

更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eukaryotes are characterized by endomembranes that are connected by vesicular transport along secretory and endocytic pathways. The compositional differences between the various cellular membranes are maintained by sorting events, and it has long been believed that sorting is based solely on protein-protein interactio...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Holthuis JC,Pomorski T,Raggers RJ,Sprong H,Van Meer G

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The multifunctional Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is now recognized to play a central role in pathological events in the cardiovascular system. CaMKII has diverse downstream targets that promote vascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias, so improved understanding of CaMKII signalin...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Erickson JR,He BJ,Grumbach IM,Anderson ME

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The anterior pituitary gland has the ability to respond to complex signals derived from central and peripheral systems. Perception of these signals and their integration are mediated by cell interactions and cross-talk of multiple signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulatory networks that cooperate f...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Perez-Castro C,Renner U,Haedo MR,Stalla GK,Arzt E

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biosynthesis and Degradation of CFTR. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S167-S173, 1999. - Many of the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause cystic fibrosis interfere with the folding and biosynthetic processing of nascent CFTR molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutat...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kopito RR

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is now apparent that regulation of blood vessel growth contributes to the classical actions of hormones on development, growth, and reproduction. Endothelial cells are ideally positioned to respond to hormones, which act in concert with locally produced chemical mediators to regulate their growth, motility, functio...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Clapp C,Thebault S,Jeziorski MC,Martínez De La Escalera G

更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The birth of molecular cardiology can be traced to the development and implementation of high-fidelity genetic approaches for manipulating the heart. Recombinant viral vector-based technology offers a highly effective approach to genetically engineer cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights discover...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Davis J,Westfall MV,Townsend D,Blankinship M,Herron TJ,Guerrero-Serna G,Wang W,Devaney E,Metzger JM

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Angiotensin (ANG) II is a powerful and phylogenetically widespread stimulus to thirst and sodium appetite. When it is injected directly into sensitive areas of the brain, it causes an immediate increase in water intake followed by a slower increase in NaCl intake. Drinking is vigorous, highly motivated, and rapidly co...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Fitzsimons JT

更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for c...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kano M,Ohno-Shosaku T,Hashimotodani Y,Uchigashima M,Watanabe M

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intercellular calcium (Ca(2+)) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in intracellular Ca(2+) through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism for coordinating multicellular responses. ICWs occur in a wide diversity of cells and have been extensively studied in vitro. More recent stud...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Leybaert L,Sanderson MJ

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mammalian sirtuins have emerged in recent years as critical modulators of multiple biological processes, regulating cellular metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and mitochondrial biology. As such, they evolved to play key roles in organismal homeostasis, and defects in these proteins have been linked to a plethor...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Chang AR,Ferrer CM,Mostoslavsky R

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses late in life. This review synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure and on the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The ability of older adults to accu...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Roberts SB,Rosenberg I

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The distal tubule of the mammalian kidney, defined as the region between the macula densa and the collecting duct, is morphologically and functionally heterogeneous. This heterogeneity has stymied attempts to define functional properties of individual cell types and has led to controversy concerning mechanisms and reg...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Reilly RF,Ellison DH

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regu...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Carlström M,Wilcox CS,Arendshorst WJ

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To a certain extent, all cellular, physiological, and pathological phenomena that occur in cells are accompanied by ionic changes. The development of techniques allowing the measurement of such ion activities has contributed substantially to our understanding of normal and abnormal cellular function. Digital video mic...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Takahashi A,Camacho P,Lechleiter JD,Herman B

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple subforms of G proteins together with receptors, effectors, and various regulatory proteins represent the components of a highly versatile sig...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Wettschureck N,Offermanns S

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. Indeed, chemically, prolactin appears in a multiplicity of pos...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Freeman ME,Kanyicska B,Lerant A,Nagy G

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which lay...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Haraldsson B,Nyström J,Deen WM

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tiss...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Stowasser M,Gordon RD

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its homologs from diverse marine animals are widely used as universal genetically encoded fluorescent labels. Many laboratories have focused their efforts on identification and development of fluorescent proteins with novel characteristics and en...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Chudakov DM,Matz MV,Lukyanov S,Lukyanov KA

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ (BK) channels play many physiological roles ranging from the maintenance of smooth muscle tone to hearing and neurosecretion. BK channels are tetramers in which the pore-forming α subunit is coded by a single gene (Slowpoke, KCNMA1). In this review, we first highlight t...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Latorre R,Castillo K,Carrasquel-Ursulaez W,Sepulveda RV,Gonzalez-Nilo F,Gonzalez C,Alvarez O

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Voltage-sensing phosphatase (VSP) contains a voltage sensor domain (VSD) similar to that in voltage-gated ion channels, and a phosphoinositide phosphatase region similar to phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). The VSP gene is conserved from unicellular organisms to higher vertebrates. Membra...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Okamura Y,Kawanabe A,Kawai T

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology an...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mazzone SB,Undem BJ

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small GTPases use GDP/GTP alternation to actuate a variety of functional switches that are pivotal for cell dynamics. The GTPase switch is turned on by GEFs, which stimulate dissociation of the tightly bound GDP, and turned off by GAPs, which accelerate the intrinsically sluggish hydrolysis of GTP. For Ras, Rho, and R...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Cherfils J,Zeghouf M

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major areas of normal coronary physiological research since Berne's 1964 review have been the measurement of ventricular transmural blood flow distribution with microspheres, the adenosine hypothesis of local metabolic control of coronary blood flow, and the autonomic control of coronary blood flow. There is an im...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Feigl EO

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-chain fatty acids and lipids serve a wide variety of functions in mammalian homeostasis, particularly in the formation and dynamic properties of biological membranes and as fuels for energy production in tissues such as heart and skeletal muscle. On the other hand, long-chain fatty acid metabolites may exert toxi...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Glatz JF,Luiken JJ,Bonen A

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past two decades have witnessed an explosive growth of knowledge regarding postischemic myocardial dysfunction or myocardial "stunning." The purpose of this review is to summarize current information regarding the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Myocardial stunning should not be regarded as a ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Bolli R,Marbán E

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review summarizes the receptor-mediated vascular activities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the structurally related peptide adrenomedullin (AM). CGRP is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide, primarily released from sensory nerves, whilst AM is produced by stimulated vascular cells, and amylin is secreted f...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Brain SD,Grant AD

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00