Abstract:
:Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. Indeed, chemically, prolactin appears in a multiplicity of posttranslational forms ranging from size variants to chemical modifications such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. It is not only synthesized in the pituitary gland, as originally described, but also within the central nervous system, the immune system, the uterus and its associated tissues of conception, and even the mammary gland itself. Moreover, its biological actions are not limited solely to reproduction because it has been shown to control a variety of behaviors and even play a role in homeostasis. Prolactin-releasing stimuli not only include the nursing stimulus, but light, audition, olfaction, and stress can serve a stimulatory role. Finally, although it is well known that dopamine of hypothalamic origin provides inhibitory control over the secretion of prolactin, other factors within the brain, pituitary gland, and peripheral organs have been shown to inhibit or stimulate prolactin secretion as well. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive survey of our current understanding of prolactin's function and its regulation and to expose some of the controversies still existing.
journal_name
Physiol Revjournal_title
Physiological reviewsauthors
Freeman ME,Kanyicska B,Lerant A,Nagy Gdoi
10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-10-01 00:00:00pages
1523-631issue
4eissn
0031-9333issn
1522-1210journal_volume
80pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The aim of this review is to provide basic information on the electrophysiological changes during acute ischemia and reperfusion from the level of ion channels up to the level of multicellular preparations. After an introduction, section II provides a general description of the ion channels and electrogenic transporte...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.917
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In electrically nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essential for regulating a host of kinetically distinct processes involving exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. The major Ca(2+) entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of i...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00057.2003
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kidneys play a vital role in mineral homeostasis. In this review, the handling of calcium and the methods currently applied to measuring its intracellular concentration are discussed. The bulk of calcium absorption proceeds in proximal tubules, with smaller fractions recovered by thick ascending limbs, distal conv...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.429
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2012
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::To a certain extent, all cellular, physiological, and pathological phenomena that occur in cells are accompanied by ionic changes. The development of techniques allowing the measurement of such ion activities has contributed substantially to our understanding of normal and abnormal cellular function. Digital video mic...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.4.1089
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for c...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2008
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2003.83.3.835
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glial cells respond to various electrical, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones, with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The increases exhibit a variety of temporal and spatial patterns. These [Ca2+]i responses result from the coordinated ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.99
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tiss...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00026.2015
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eukaryotes are characterized by endomembranes that are connected by vesicular transport along secretory and endocytic pathways. The compositional differences between the various cellular membranes are maintained by sorting events, and it has long been believed that sorting is based solely on protein-protein interactio...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1689
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is now apparent that regulation of blood vessel growth contributes to the classical actions of hormones on development, growth, and reproduction. Endothelial cells are ideally positioned to respond to hormones, which act in concert with locally produced chemical mediators to regulate their growth, motility, functio...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00024.2009
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mammalian sirtuins have emerged in recent years as critical modulators of multiple biological processes, regulating cellular metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and mitochondrial biology. As such, they evolved to play key roles in organismal homeostasis, and defects in these proteins have been linked to a plethor...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2018
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular research on ion channels has demonstrated that many of these integral membrane proteins associate with partner proteins, often versatile in their function, or even assemble into stable macromolecular complexes that ensure specificity and proper rate of the channel-mediated signal transduction. Calcium-activa...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00049.2009
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses late in life. This review synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure and on the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The ability of older adults to accu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2005
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ (BK) channels play many physiological roles ranging from the maintenance of smooth muscle tone to hearing and neurosecretion. BK channels are tetramers in which the pore-forming α subunit is coded by a single gene (Slowpoke, KCNMA1). In this review, we first highlight t...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2016
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The classic concept of gastrointestinal endocrinology is that of a few peptides released to the circulation from endocrine cells, which are interspersed among other mucosal cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Today more than 30 peptide hormone genes are known to be expressed throughout the digestive tract, whic...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.1087
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from the realization that abnormalities in fear learning mechanisms likely participate in the development and/or maintenance of human anxiet...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that highly social mammals, such as naked mole rats and humans, are long-lived due to neoteny (the prolongation of youth). In both species, aging cannot operate as a mechanism facilitating natural selection because the pressure of this selection is strongly reduced due to 1) a specific social str...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00040.2015
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs), together with the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7) and the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) comprise the 13 members of the human "C" branch of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. All C branch proteins share conserved structural features ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2005
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microvascular endothelial cell monolayer localized at the critical interface between the blood and vessel wall has the vital functions of regulating tissue fluid balance and supplying the essential nutrients needed for the survival of the organism. The endothelial cell is an exquisite "sensor" that responds to div...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Zinc is involved in a variety of biological processes, as a structural, catalytic, and intracellular and intercellular signaling component. Thus zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled at the whole body, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels by a number of proteins, with zinc transporters being particularly importan...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2014
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::NHE3 is the brush-border (BB) Na(+)/H(+) exchanger of small intestine, colon, and renal proximal tubule which is involved in large amounts of neutral Na(+) absorption. NHE3 is a highly regulated transporter, being both stimulated and inhibited by signaling that mimics the postprandial state. It also undergoes downregu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2006
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which lay...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00055.2006
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cardiac muscle and the coronary vasculature are in close proximity to each other, and a two-way interaction, called cross-talk, exists. Here we focus on the mechanical aspects of cross-talk including the role of the extracellular matrix. Cardiac muscle affects the coronary vasculature. In diastole, the effect of t...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2005
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given the large amount of genome-wide data that have been collected during the last decades, a good understanding of how and why cells change during development, homeostasis, and disease might be expected. Unfortunately, the opposite is true; triggers that cause cellular state changes remain elusive, and the underlyin...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2019
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pancreatic β-cell secretes insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. This review applies an external bioenergetic critique to the central processes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, including glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, the cytosolic adenine nucleotide pool, and its interaction with plasm...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2016
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-chain fatty acids and lipids serve a wide variety of functions in mammalian homeostasis, particularly in the formation and dynamic properties of biological membranes and as fuels for energy production in tissues such as heart and skeletal muscle. On the other hand, long-chain fatty acid metabolites may exert toxi...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00003.2009
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The minK gene encodes a protein of 130 amino acids that has a single transmembrane segment and is expressed in many tissues including heart, uterus, and kidney. When Xenopus oocytes are injected with minK mRNA, a very slowly activating voltage-dependent potassium current is induced in these cells. The induced channels...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.627
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein toxins such as ricin and Shiga toxin with intracellular targets have to be endocytosed and translocated to the cytosol to inhibit the protein synthesis and thereby kill the cell. Ricin is internalized by both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytic mechanisms, whereas Shiga toxin seems to be taken up exc...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1996.76.4.949
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00