Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: functional implications of multiple isoforms.

abstract：:The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and pathogens, but also functions as an integral part of a sensory web which receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Birder L,Andersson KE

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein toxins such as ricin and Shiga toxin with intracellular targets have to be endocytosed and translocated to the cytosol to inhibit the protein synthesis and thereby kill the cell. Ricin is internalized by both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytic mechanisms, whereas Shiga toxin seems to be taken up exc...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Sandvig K,van Deurs B

更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are two main classes of hormones in insects: 1) the true hormones produced by epithelial glands and belonging to the ecdysteroids or juvenile hormones and 2) the neuropeptide hormones produced by neurosecretory cells. Members of these classes regulate physiological, developmental, and behavioral events in insect...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Gäde G,Hoffmann KH,Spring JH

更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that provide nutrients, recycle neurotransmitters, as well as fulfill a wide range of other homeostasis maintaining functions. During the past two decades, astrocytes emerged also as increasingly important regulators of neuronal functions inclu...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Pekny M,Pekna M

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs), together with the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7) and the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) comprise the 13 members of the human "C" branch of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. All C branch proteins share conserved structural features ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Deeley RG,Westlake C,Cole SP

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit several growth responses to agonists that regulate their function including proliferation (hyperplasia with an increase in cell number), hypertrophy (an increase in cell size without change in DNA content), endoreduplication (an increase in DNA content and usually size), and...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Berk BC

更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The microvascular endothelial cell monolayer localized at the critical interface between the blood and vessel wall has the vital functions of regulating tissue fluid balance and supplying the essential nutrients needed for the survival of the organism. The endothelial cell is an exquisite "sensor" that responds to div...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mehta D,Malik AB

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although vitamin A was recognized as an "anti-infective vitamin" over 90 years ago, the mechanism of how vitamin A regulates immunity is only beginning to be understood. Early studies which focused on the immune responses in vitamin A-deficient (VAD) animals clearly demonstrated compromised immunity and consequently i...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Guo Y,Brown C,Ortiz C,Noelle RJ

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Arp2/3 complex is an evolutionary conserved molecular machine that generates branched actin networks. When activated, the Arp2/3 complex contributes the actin branched junction and thus cross-links the polymerizing actin filaments in a network that exerts a pushing force. The different activators initiate branched...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Molinie N,Gautreau A

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a progressive atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, called cachexia, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened survival time. Anorexia often accompanies cachexia, but appears not to be responsible for the tissue loss, particularly lean body m...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Tisdale MJ

更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cone snails (genus Conus) are venomous marine molluscs that use small, structured peptide toxins (conotoxins) for prey capture, defense, and competitor deterrence. Each of the 500 Conus can express approximately 100 different conotoxins, with little overlap between species. An overwhelming majority of these peptid...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Terlau H,Olivera BM

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two mechanisms. Activation or excitation by these substances of nociceptive nerve endings or fibers implicates generation of action potentials which then tra...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Petho G,Reeh PW

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cardiac muscle and the coronary vasculature are in close proximity to each other, and a two-way interaction, called cross-talk, exists. Here we focus on the mechanical aspects of cross-talk including the role of the extracellular matrix. Cardiac muscle affects the coronary vasculature. In diastole, the effect of t...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Westerhof N,Boer C,Lamberts RR,Sipkema P

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Propagation of excitation in the heart involves action potential (AP) generation by cardiac cells and its propagation in the multicellular tissue. AP conduction is the outcome of complex interactions between cellular electrical activity, electrical cell-to-cell communication, and the cardiac tissue structure. As shown...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Kléber AG,Rudy Y

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages, and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes. Because iron losses are comparatively very small, iron absor...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Ganz T

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While transport processes for amino acids and glucose have long been known to be expressed in the luminal and abluminal membranes of the endothelium comprising the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, it is only within the last decades that endothelial and smooth muscle cells derived from peripheral vascular beds h...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mann GE,Yudilevich DL,Sobrevia L

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from the realization that abnormalities in fear learning mechanisms likely participate in the development and/or maintenance of human anxiet...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Pape HC,Pare D

更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small GTPases use GDP/GTP alternation to actuate a variety of functional switches that are pivotal for cell dynamics. The GTPase switch is turned on by GEFs, which stimulate dissociation of the tightly bound GDP, and turned off by GAPs, which accelerate the intrinsically sluggish hydrolysis of GTP. For Ras, Rho, and R...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Cherfils J,Zeghouf M

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mammalian sirtuins have emerged in recent years as critical modulators of multiple biological processes, regulating cellular metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and mitochondrial biology. As such, they evolved to play key roles in organismal homeostasis, and defects in these proteins have been linked to a plethor...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Chang AR,Ferrer CM,Mostoslavsky R

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tiss...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Stowasser M,Gordon RD

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Research over the past century has revealed the impressive capacities of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, in relation to visual perception, flight guidance, navigation, and learning and memory. These observations, coupled with the relative ease with which these creatures can be trained, and the relative simplicity of the...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Srinivasan MV

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiac myocytes rapidly proliferate during fetal life but exit the cell cycle soon after birth in mammals. Although the extent to which adult cardiac myocytes are capable of cell cycle reentry is controversial and species-specific differences may exist, it appears that for the vast majority of adult cardiac myocytes ...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Ahuja P,Sdek P,MacLellan WR

更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple subforms of G proteins together with receptors, effectors, and various regulatory proteins represent the components of a highly versatile sig...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Wettschureck N,Offermanns S

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Slominski A,Tobin DJ,Shibahara S,Wortsman J

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology an...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Mazzone SB,Undem BJ

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Traditionally the auditory system was considered a hard-wired sensory system; this view has been challenged in recent years in light of the plasticity of other sensory systems, particularly the visual and somatosensory systems. Practical experience in clinical audiology together with the use of prosthetic devices, suc...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Syka J

更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major areas of normal coronary physiological research since Berne's 1964 review have been the measurement of ventricular transmural blood flow distribution with microspheres, the adenosine hypothesis of local metabolic control of coronary blood flow, and the autonomic control of coronary blood flow. There is an im...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Feigl EO

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A careful review of several different organs shows that with the information available today the beginnings of the microlymphatics in the tissue consist of endothelialized tubes only. Lymphatic smooth muscle within the collecting lymphatics appears further downstream, in some organs only outside the parenchyma. This p...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Schmid-Schönbein GW

更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Muscular dystrophies represent a large group of genetic disorders that significantly impair quality of life and often progress to premature death. There is no effective treatment for these debilitating diseases. Most therapies, developed to date, focus on alleviating the symptoms or targeting the secondary effects, wh...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Zhang Y,Long C,Bassel-Duby R,Olson EN

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived cells of both lymphoid and myeloid stem cell origin that populate all lymphoid organs including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as nearly all nonlymphoid tissues and organs. Although DCs are a moderately diverse set of cells, they all have potent antigen-prese...

journal_title：Physiological reviews

authors： Lipscomb MF,Masten BJ

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00