Abstract:
:Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit several growth responses to agonists that regulate their function including proliferation (hyperplasia with an increase in cell number), hypertrophy (an increase in cell size without change in DNA content), endoreduplication (an increase in DNA content and usually size), and apoptosis. Both autocrine growth mechanisms (in which the individual cell synthesizes and/or secretes a substance that stimulates that same cell type to undergo a growth response) and paracrine growth mechanisms (in which the individual cells responding to the growth factor synthesize and/or secrete a substance that stimulates neighboring cells of another cell type) are important in VSMC growth. In this review I discuss the autocrine and paracrine growth factors important for VSMC growth in culture and in vessels. Four mechanisms by which individual agonists signal are described: direct effects of agonists on their receptors, transactivation of tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors, generation of reactive oxygen species, and induction/secretion of other growth and survival factors. Additional growth effects mediated by changes in cell matrix are discussed. The temporal and spatial coordination of these events are shown to modulate the environment in which other growth factors initiate cell cycle events. Finally, the heterogeneous nature of VSMC developmental origin provides another level of complexity in VSMC growth mechanisms.
journal_name
Physiol Revjournal_title
Physiological reviewsauthors
Berk BCdoi
10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.999subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-07-01 00:00:00pages
999-1030issue
3eissn
0031-9333issn
1522-1210journal_volume
81pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiog...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2017
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microvascular endothelial cell monolayer localized at the critical interface between the blood and vessel wall has the vital functions of regulating tissue fluid balance and supplying the essential nutrients needed for the survival of the organism. The endothelial cell is an exquisite "sensor" that responds to div...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polymers of deoxyhemoglobin S deform sickle cell anemia red blood cells into sickle shapes, leading to the formation of dense, dehydrated red blood cells with a markedly shortened life-span. Nearly four decades of intense research in many laboratories has led to a mechanistic understanding of the complex events leadin...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00052.2003
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biosynthesis and Degradation of CFTR. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S167-S173, 1999. - Many of the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause cystic fibrosis interfere with the folding and biosynthetic processing of nascent CFTR molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutat...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.S167
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stress induced by accumulation of unfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a classic feature of secretory cells and is observed in many tissues in human diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is achieved by the activation of the unfolded prot...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2011
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review describes recent progress concerning the molecular aspects of the Na+/H+ exchanger. The Na+/H+ exchanger is an important regulator for intracellular pH, cell volume, and transepithelial Na+ transport. It exists in virtually all cells with cell type-dependent pattern of isoform expression, and it is regulat...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.1.51
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angiotensin (ANG) II is a powerful and phylogenetically widespread stimulus to thirst and sodium appetite. When it is injected directly into sensitive areas of the brain, it causes an immediate increase in water intake followed by a slower increase in NaCl intake. Drinking is vigorous, highly motivated, and rapidly co...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.3.583
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although vitamin A was recognized as an "anti-infective vitamin" over 90 years ago, the mechanism of how vitamin A regulates immunity is only beginning to be understood. Early studies which focused on the immune responses in vitamin A-deficient (VAD) animals clearly demonstrated compromised immunity and consequently i...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2013
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a progressive atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, called cachexia, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened survival time. Anorexia often accompanies cachexia, but appears not to be responsible for the tissue loss, particularly lean body m...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00016.2008
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscular dystrophies represent a large group of genetic disorders that significantly impair quality of life and often progress to premature death. There is no effective treatment for these debilitating diseases. Most therapies, developed to date, focus on alleviating the symptoms or targeting the secondary effects, wh...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00046.2017
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli ranging from cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, cellular stress, and cell adherence. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. The basic assembly of MA...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.143
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The birth of molecular cardiology can be traced to the development and implementation of high-fidelity genetic approaches for manipulating the heart. Recombinant viral vector-based technology offers a highly effective approach to genetically engineer cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights discover...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2007
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given the large amount of genome-wide data that have been collected during the last decades, a good understanding of how and why cells change during development, homeostasis, and disease might be expected. Unfortunately, the opposite is true; triggers that cause cellular state changes remain elusive, and the underlyin...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2019
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The distal tubule of the mammalian kidney, defined as the region between the macula densa and the collecting duct, is morphologically and functionally heterogeneous. This heterogeneity has stymied attempts to define functional properties of individual cell types and has led to controversy concerning mechanisms and reg...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.1.277
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and pathogens, but also functions as an integral part of a sensory web which receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2012
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology an...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2015
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::NHE3 is the brush-border (BB) Na(+)/H(+) exchanger of small intestine, colon, and renal proximal tubule which is involved in large amounts of neutral Na(+) absorption. NHE3 is a highly regulated transporter, being both stimulated and inhibited by signaling that mimics the postprandial state. It also undergoes downregu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2006
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from the realization that abnormalities in fear learning mechanisms likely participate in the development and/or maintenance of human anxiet...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are two main classes of hormones in insects: 1) the true hormones produced by epithelial glands and belonging to the ecdysteroids or juvenile hormones and 2) the neuropeptide hormones produced by neurosecretory cells. Members of these classes regulate physiological, developmental, and behavioral events in insect...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.4.963
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ (BK) channels play many physiological roles ranging from the maintenance of smooth muscle tone to hearing and neurosecretion. BK channels are tetramers in which the pore-forming α subunit is coded by a single gene (Slowpoke, KCNMA1). In this review, we first highlight t...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2016
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses late in life. This review synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure and on the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The ability of older adults to accu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2005
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The minK gene encodes a protein of 130 amino acids that has a single transmembrane segment and is expressed in many tissues including heart, uterus, and kidney. When Xenopus oocytes are injected with minK mRNA, a very slowly activating voltage-dependent potassium current is induced in these cells. The induced channels...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.627
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that provide nutrients, recycle neurotransmitters, as well as fulfill a wide range of other homeostasis maintaining functions. During the past two decades, astrocytes emerged also as increasingly important regulators of neuronal functions inclu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2013
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2003.83.3.835
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiac myocytes rapidly proliferate during fetal life but exit the cell cycle soon after birth in mammals. Although the extent to which adult cardiac myocytes are capable of cell cycle reentry is controversial and species-specific differences may exist, it appears that for the vast majority of adult cardiac myocytes ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2006
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major areas of normal coronary physiological research since Berne's 1964 review have been the measurement of ventricular transmural blood flow distribution with microspheres, the adenosine hypothesis of local metabolic control of coronary blood flow, and the autonomic control of coronary blood flow. There is an im...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.1.1
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial cells of the blood and lymphatic vasculature are polarized cells with luminal surfaces specialized to interact with inflammatory cells upon the appropriate stimulation; they contain specialized transcellular transport systems, and their basal surfaces are attached to an extracellular basement membrane. In ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2004
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kidneys play a vital role in mineral homeostasis. In this review, the handling of calcium and the methods currently applied to measuring its intracellular concentration are discussed. The bulk of calcium absorption proceeds in proximal tubules, with smaller fractions recovered by thick ascending limbs, distal conv...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.429
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two mechanisms. Activation or excitation by these substances of nociceptive nerve endings or fibers implicates generation of action potentials which then tra...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2010
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00