Abstract:
:This review describes recent progress concerning the molecular aspects of the Na+/H+ exchanger. The Na+/H+ exchanger is an important regulator for intracellular pH, cell volume, and transepithelial Na+ transport. It exists in virtually all cells with cell type-dependent pattern of isoform expression, and it is regulated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli, among them not only agonists such as growth factors and hormones but also mechanical stimuli such as osmotic stress and cell spreading. Thus this transporter is also an excellent model to study the signal transduction. Since the first molecular cloning of the Na+/H+ exchanger, detailed studies revealed many interesting features of this transporter. At present, at least five different isoforms of the Na+/H+ exchanger are known. These isoforms differ in tissue localization, sensitivity of inhibitors, and mode of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, allowing them to participate in different physiological processes. We have only started to understand an intriguing mechanism underlying these functional differences among the exchanger isoforms. Because the Na+/H+ exchanger is relatively simple in terms of its kinetic features, e.g., a simple 1:1 stoichiometry of Na+ and H+ and no input of metabolic energy such as ATP hydrolysis, the study of its structural and mechanistic aspects would also serve as a good model to understand the general mechanism of various ion transporters.
journal_name
Physiol Revjournal_title
Physiological reviewsauthors
Wakabayashi S,Shigekawa M,Pouyssegur Jdoi
10.1152/physrev.1997.77.1.51subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-01 00:00:00pages
51-74issue
1eissn
0031-9333issn
1522-1210journal_volume
77pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The minK gene encodes a protein of 130 amino acids that has a single transmembrane segment and is expressed in many tissues including heart, uterus, and kidney. When Xenopus oocytes are injected with minK mRNA, a very slowly activating voltage-dependent potassium current is induced in these cells. The induced channels...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.627
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from the realization that abnormalities in fear learning mechanisms likely participate in the development and/or maintenance of human anxiet...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the operation of the microcircuits in the spinal cord to the systems and behavioral levels and extend from mammalian locomotion to the bas...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2019
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses late in life. This review synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure and on the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The ability of older adults to accu...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2005
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biosynthesis and Degradation of CFTR. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S167-S173, 1999. - Many of the mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause cystic fibrosis interfere with the folding and biosynthetic processing of nascent CFTR molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutat...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.S167
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review is devoted to the molecular genetics and bioenergetics of human mitochondria related to the mechanism of aging. Morphological and functional changes of mitochondria associated with age and age-related disease are overviewed with special reference to the changes in enzymes encoded by mitochondrial-inherent ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.2.425
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally accepted that metabolism is able to shape the immune response. Only recently we are gaining awareness that the metabolic crosstalk between different tumor compartments strongly contributes to the harsh tumor microenvironment (TME) and ultimately impairs immune cell fitness and effector functions. The m...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2019
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli ranging from cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, cellular stress, and cell adherence. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. The basic assembly of MA...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.143
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animals synchronize to the environmental day-night cycle by means of an internal circadian clock in the brain. In mammals, this timekeeping mechanism is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and is entrained by light input from the retina. One output of the SCN is a neural code for circadian ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2019
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glial cells respond to various electrical, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones, with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The increases exhibit a variety of temporal and spatial patterns. These [Ca2+]i responses result from the coordinated ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.99
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pancreatic β-cell secretes insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. This review applies an external bioenergetic critique to the central processes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, including glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, the cytosolic adenine nucleotide pool, and its interaction with plasm...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2016
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial cells of the blood and lymphatic vasculature are polarized cells with luminal surfaces specialized to interact with inflammatory cells upon the appropriate stimulation; they contain specialized transcellular transport systems, and their basal surfaces are attached to an extracellular basement membrane. In ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2004
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Arp2/3 complex is an evolutionary conserved molecular machine that generates branched actin networks. When activated, the Arp2/3 complex contributes the actin branched junction and thus cross-links the polymerizing actin filaments in a network that exerts a pushing force. The different activators initiate branched...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2017
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the last decade, earlier suggestions that insulin acts at the plasma membrane level via combination with receptors have been amply confirmed in studies of 125I-labeled insulin binding kinetics. Efforts have been devoted to the development of homogeneous, stable, and bioactive tracers, and a preparation of monoi...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1984.64.4.1321
更新日期:1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In electrically nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essential for regulating a host of kinetically distinct processes involving exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. The major Ca(2+) entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of i...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00057.2003
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibili...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2002
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived cells of both lymphoid and myeloid stem cell origin that populate all lymphoid organs including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as nearly all nonlymphoid tissues and organs. Although DCs are a moderately diverse set of cells, they all have potent antigen-prese...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2001
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscular dystrophies represent a large group of genetic disorders that significantly impair quality of life and often progress to premature death. There is no effective treatment for these debilitating diseases. Most therapies, developed to date, focus on alleviating the symptoms or targeting the secondary effects, wh...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00046.2017
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. Indeed, chemically, prolactin appears in a multiplicity of pos...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of opioid analgesics, resulting in a plethora of compounds with varying affinity and efficacy at all the known opioid receptor subtypes. Althou...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.299
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The function and survival of all organisms is dependent on the dynamic control of energy metabolism, when energy demand is matched to energy supply. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals that control energy balance through the regulation o...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2008
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiog...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2017
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A careful review of several different organs shows that with the information available today the beginnings of the microlymphatics in the tissue consist of endothelialized tubes only. Lymphatic smooth muscle within the collecting lymphatics appears further downstream, in some organs only outside the parenchyma. This p...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1990.70.4.987
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To a certain extent, all cellular, physiological, and pathological phenomena that occur in cells are accompanied by ionic changes. The development of techniques allowing the measurement of such ion activities has contributed substantially to our understanding of normal and abnormal cellular function. Digital video mic...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.4.1089
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Afferent signals that guide orienting movements converge in the deeper layers of the SC in a wide variety of animals. The sensory cells are arranged topographically according to their receptive-field locations and, thereby, form maps of sensory space. Maps of visual, somatosensory, and/or auditory space have been obta...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.1986.66.1.118
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit several growth responses to agonists that regulate their function including proliferation (hyperplasia with an increase in cell number), hypertrophy (an increase in cell size without change in DNA content), endoreduplication (an increase in DNA content and usually size), and...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.999
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiac myocytes rapidly proliferate during fetal life but exit the cell cycle soon after birth in mammals. Although the extent to which adult cardiac myocytes are capable of cell cycle reentry is controversial and species-specific differences may exist, it appears that for the vast majority of adult cardiac myocytes ...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2006
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a progressive atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, called cachexia, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened survival time. Anorexia often accompanies cachexia, but appears not to be responsible for the tissue loss, particularly lean body m...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00016.2008
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cone snails (genus Conus) are venomous marine molluscs that use small, structured peptide toxins (conotoxins) for prey capture, defense, and competitor deterrence. Each of the 500 Conus can express approximately 100 different conotoxins, with little overlap between species. An overwhelming majority of these peptid...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00020.2003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Traditionally the auditory system was considered a hard-wired sensory system; this view has been challenged in recent years in light of the plasticity of other sensory systems, particularly the visual and somatosensory systems. Practical experience in clinical audiology together with the use of prosthetic devices, suc...
journal_title:Physiological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2002
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00