Abstract：
:Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting almost 6% of the world's population. The number of diabetic patients will reach 300 million in 2025 (International Diabetes Federation, 2001). More than 97% of these patients will have type II diabetes. The projected increase in the number of diabetic patients will strain the capabilities of healthcare providers the world over. Thus it is of paramount importance to revisit the causes and epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is caused by both environmental and genetic factors. The environmental factors that may lead to the development of diabetes mellitus include physical inactivity, drugs and toxic agents, obesity, viral infection, and location. While type I diabetes is not a genetically predestined disease, an increased susceptibility can be inherited. Genetic susceptibility plays a crucial role in the etiology and manifestation of type II diabetes, with concordance in monozygotic twins approaching 100%. Genetic factors may have to be modified by environmental factors for diabetes mellitus to become overt. An individual with a susceptible gene may become diabetic if environmental factors modify the expression of these genes. Since there is an increase in the trend at which diabetes prevail, it is evident that environmental factors are playing a more increasing role in the cause of diabetes mellitus. The incidence of type I diabetes ranged from 1.9 to 7.0/100,000/yr in Africa, 0.13 to 10/100,000/yr in Asia, approximately 4.4/100,000/yr in Australasia, 3.4 to 36/100,000/yr in Europe, 2.62 to 20.18/100,000/yr in the Middle East, 7.61 to 25.7/100,000/yr in North America, and 1.27 to 18/100,000/yr in South America. The epidemiology of type II diabetes is equally bleak. The prevalence of type II diabetes ranged from 0.3 to 17.9% in Africa, 1.2 to 14.6% in Asia, 0.7 to 11.6% in Europe, 4.6 to 40% in the Middle East, 6.69 to 28.2% in North America, and 2.01 to 17.4% in South America.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Adeghate E,Schattner P,Dunn Edoi
10.1196/annals.1372.029subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-11-01 00:00:00pages
1-29eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632pii
1084/1/1journal_volume
1084pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The discrepancy between dynamical mass measures of objects such as galaxies and the observed distribution of luminous matter in the universe is typically explained by invoking an unseen "dark matter" component. Dark matter must necessarily be nonbaryonic. We introduce a simple hypothesis to do away with the necessity ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05627.x
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some in vitro functions of purified T and B cells from PPD- and Candida albicans-negative sarcoidosis patients were analyzed. It appears that in those patients there is: 1) A decrease in the absolute number of T lymphocytes and an increase in the number of B cells; 2) a rather normal response of T lymphocytes to PHA a...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47018.x
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Whole and nonadherent Peyer's patch cells were shown to present antigen to cloned antigen specific T-cells, albeit less efficiently than spleen cells. Unlike spleen cells, adherent PP cells did not present antigen, and PP lacked cells with classical dendritic morphology. The antigen presenting and MLR-stimulating cell...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb26865.x
更新日期：1983-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Unfortunately, all of the problems of the hemophiliac have not been solved by the availability of concentrated factor VIII products. Patients still are faced with the crippling effects of arthritis, problems with employment, problems with ignorance (both medical and lay), and an increased risk of premature death even ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb53341.x
更新日期：1975-01-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Human germ-cell tumors (GCTs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. Based on epidemiology, anatomical site of presentation, histology, chromosomal constitution, and pattern of genomic imprinting, GCTs are classified into five entities. Within the testis, three types of GCTs can be diagnosed: type I (teratomas and yo...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1411.000
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a group of serum proteins that undergo dramatic changes in concentration during times of inflammation. Many APPs are heavily glycosylated, and their sugar content and complexity change in the presence of cancer-induced chronic inflammation. These changes in glycosylation are currently b...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06420.x
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Translin and translin-associated factor X (translin/TRAX) proteins have been implicated in a variety of cellular activities central to nucleic acid metabolism. Accumulating evidence indicates that translin/TRAX complexes participate in processes ensuring the replication of DNA, as well as cell division. Significant pr...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/nyas.13690
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is often proposed that quinolinic acid (QUIN) contributes to the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation because this kynurenine pathway metabolite is a selective agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and both its brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations increase markedly with inflammation. Howe...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03605.x
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Asbestos contamination of relatively contained environments within structures can occur under many conditions and in association with various activities. Such contamination persists and can potentially expose all structure users. The more significant contamination levels are associated with disturbance of friable asbe...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb18762.x
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Of the approaches presently available for prevention of blood-transmitted hepatitis, most clearly effective is the avoidance of high-risk donor populations, such as most paid commercial donors. It should be emphasized that even after screening for hepatitis B antigen most paid donor blood carries with it a five-ten ti...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb53345.x
更新日期：1975-01-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) might be, at least partially, responsible for the development of osteopenia or osteoporosis in Crohn's disease. We investigated whether anti-TNF therapy for Crohn's disease could have any skeletal impact. Therefore, we studied the effects of ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1346.055
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article focuses on the importance of social engagement and the behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms that allow individuals to reduce psychological and physical distance. A model of social engagement derived from the Polyvagal Theory is presented. The model emphasizes phylogeny as an organizing principle a...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1301.004
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies have established that methanolic extracts of bovine brain and lung possess CDS activity with an agonist-like profile at alpha(2)-adrenoceptor binding sites (i.e., greater potency against [(3)H]-clonidine sites than against [(3)H]-RX-821001 sites). Following prolonged reflux in ethylacetate, monovalent...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1304.026
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atrial fibrillation (AF), the highest occurring cardiac arrhythmia in the Western world, is associated with substantial morbidity and increased mortality. In spite of extensive research, the cause of atrial electrical remodeling, a major factor in the self-perpetuating nature of AF, is still unknown. Downregulation of...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05087.x
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymosin proteins, originally isolated from fractionation of thymus tissue, represent a class of compounds that we now know are present in numerous other tissues, are unrelated to each other in a genetic sense, and appear to have different functions within the cell. Thymosin α1 (generic drug name thymalfasin; trade na...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06656.x
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Investigations of the I-Ek-restricted, cytochrome c-specific T-cell response in mice show that both T-cell receptor V alpha and V beta CDR3 residues and the use of particular V alpha s and V beta s are necessary for recognition. Data strongly suggest that specific CDR3 residues are important in contacting the peptide....
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44477.x
更新日期：1995-07-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Although much work has been done in the field of circulating DNA, no definitive information on sequencing data of total circulating DNA is available. Characterization of total circulating DNA by sequence analysis may give valuable information about the origin and function of these nucleic acid molecules. Circulating D...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1448.031
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of modern medicine to prolong life has raised a variety of difficult legal, ethical, and social issues on which reasonable minds can differ. Among these are the morality of euthanasia in cases of deep coma or irreversible injury, as well as the Dead Donor Rule with respect to organ harvesting and transplan...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/nyas.12476
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since connective tissue pulleys implement Listing's law by systematically changing rectus extraocular muscle (EOM) pulling directions, non-Listing's law gaze dependence of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is currently inexplicable. Differential activation of compartments within rectus EOMs may endow the ocular motor system...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06112.x
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our previous results demonstrate the gastroprotective but not ulcerogenic action of glucocorticoids released in response to ulcerogenic stress factors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective action of glucocorticoids in rat stomachs. The effects of defic...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1296.034
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twenty-month-old Swiss mice were allocated into three groups: (A) control; (B) infected group; and (C) infected but treated with 5 mg of the phytocompound MMT. Mice were infected intranasally with 30 microL of 75 HA viral units. MMT markedly blunted the nasal signs of virus infection and the febrile response. Formazan...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1354.059
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Citizen soldiers (National Guard and Reserves) represent approximately 40% of the two million armed forces deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. Twenty-five to forty percent of them develop PTSD, clinical depression, sleep disturbances, or suicidal thoughts. Upon returning home, many encounter additional stresses and hurd...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05719.x
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article draws on ideas published in my "Intimations of Immortality" essay in Science (Vol. 288, No. 5463, p. 59, April 7, 2000) and my "Intimations of Immortality-The Ethics and Justice of Life Extending Therapies" in editor Michael Freeman's Current Legal Problems (Oxford University Press 2002: 65-97). This arti...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1297.098
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While dopamine (DA) receptors mediate acute effects of amphetamine and cocaine, chronic drug administration produces many glutamate-dependent adaptations, including LTP in reward-related neuronal circuits. An important question presents itself: How do DA receptors influence glutamate-dependent synaptic plasticity? Alt...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1300.015
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin-related peptides (IRPs) from ganglions of mollusk, Anodonta cygnea, were purified and characterized (IRP1-IRP13) using insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) radioreceptor test systems. The IRPs were able to bind to insulin and IGF-I receptors. Dose-dependent curve slopes indicated that most IRPs bin...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1327.091
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We discussed the bonding of O2 to hemoglobin using results of ab initio calculations of idealized portions of the Hb molecule. The bond between Fe and O2 is formed by coupling a triplet state (intermediate spin state) of Fe to the triplet ground state of O2 (analogous to the bonding of O to O2 in ozone). The coordinat...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb50582.x
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our objective was to learn the prevalence of spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia detected in ticks in La Rioja, in the north of Spain. From 2001 to 2005, 496 ticks representing 7 tick species were analysed at the Hospital de La Rioja. Ticks were removed from humans with or without rickettsial syndrome (n = 59) or col...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1374.060
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to recognize and discriminate conspecific faces and facial expressions has played a critical role in the evolution of social communication. Darwin was one of the first to speculate that human and nonhuman primate facial expressions share similar mechanisms for production and functions in expressing emotion...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1280.005
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus, order Primates), infants aged 2-28 days were deprived of parental care for 30-120 min/day in order to investigate the long-term effects of this neglect-stress model on affect and cognition in a primate species. Basal morning levels of urinary cortisol across the first ye...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1314.030
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a significant increase in the percentage and absolute number of activated lymphocytes (OKT10+, IL2R1+) after ECT treatment of major depressive disorder. There is an acute decrease in the absolute number of total lymphocytes, T8+ and Leu11+ cells one hour after a single ECT. ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49146.x
更新日期：1992-04-15 00:00:00
