Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Although from a societal point of view a modal shift from car to bicycle may have beneficial health effects due to decreased air pollution emissions, decreased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased levels of physical activity, shifts in individual adverse health effects such as higher exposure to air pollution and risk of a traffic accident may prevail. OBJECTIVE:We describe whether the health benefits from the increased physical activity of a modal shift for urban commutes outweigh the health risks. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION:We have summarized the literature for air pollution, traffic accidents, and physical activity using systematic reviews supplemented with recent key studies. DATA SYNTHESIS:We quantified the impact on all-cause mortality when 500,000 people would make a transition from car to bicycle for short trips on a daily basis in the Netherlands. We have expressed mortality impacts in life-years gained or lost, using life table calculations. For individuals who shift from car to bicycle, we estimated that beneficial effects of increased physical activity are substantially larger (3-14 months gained) than the potential mortality effect of increased inhaled air pollution doses (0.8-40 days lost) and the increase in traffic accidents (5-9 days lost). Societal benefits are even larger because of a modest reduction in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and traffic accidents. CONCLUSIONS:On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting their mode of transport.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Johan de Hartog J,Boogaard H,Nijland H,Hoek Gdoi
10.1289/ehp.0901747subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-08-01 00:00:00pages
1109-16issue
8eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
118pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate are sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors that block iodide uptake into the thyroid, thus affecting thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction can adversely affect somatic growth and development in children. To our knowledge, no studies have examined effects of NIS inhibit...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1409309
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A microscopic, ultrastructural, and morphometric study was made of the gills of tench (Tinca tinca, L.) subjected to acute experimental lead nitrate poisoning. Twenty-one adult tench were subjected to poisoning and a further 22 were used as controls. Lesions were characterized by the appearance of edema and epithelial...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9089137
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perinatal exposure to carcinogens may contribute to the determination of susceptibility to cancer in two situations: a) exposure in utero of embryonal or fetal somatic cells to carcinogens, and b) prezygotic exposure of the germ cells of one or both parents to carcinogens. Epidemiological as well as experimental studi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.929839
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Associations between airborne particles and health outcomes have been documented worldwide; however, there is limited information regarding health effects associated with different particle sizes. OBJECTIVES:We explored the association between size-fractionated particle number concentrations (PNCs) and dail...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1206398
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mutagenic activities of several phthalate esters have been evaluated in an 8-azaguanine resistance assay in Salmonella typhimurium. Three phthalate esters were found to be mutagenic: dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate. A number of other phthalate esters were not found to be mutagenic, i...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8245111
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A brief history of the development of the field of aquatic toxicology is provided. In order to provide a perspective on the state-of-the-art in aquatic toxicology relative to classical toxicology, the two fields are compared from the standpoint of the type of scientist practicing each field, the respective objectives ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8034159
更新日期:1980-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The potential impact of an agent altering male reproductive function is greater for humans than for animals. Consequently, it is essential that sensitive criteria be used to look for effects on a multiplicity of target sites when an agent is evaluated using an animal model. No animal model has reproductive characteris...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8670149
更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. OBJECTIVES:We used handwipes to estimate exposure to PBDEs in house dust among toddlers and examined sex, age, breast-feeding, race, and parents' education as predictors of serum PBDEs. METHODS:Eight...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1104802
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We assessed exposure to dioxin-like compounds using chemical and bioassay analysis in different matrices in a female population. A total of 106 serum and 9 follicular fluid samples were collected from infertile women attending Centers for Reproductive Medicine in Belgium from 1996 to 1998. Major polychlorinated biphen...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108553
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study reported here presents the results of an investigation of a marsh-cove ecosystem heavily contaminated by cadmium. The most contaminated aquatic sediments were dredged in 1972-73, but the resuspension of the sediments and recycle of water from the dredge spoil resulted in reestablishment of a large contaminat...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.792867
更新日期:1979-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We conducted experiments to determine whether diesel engine exhaust affects reproductive endocrine function in growing rats. The rats were assigned to three groups: a group exposed to total diesel engine exhaust containing 5.63 mg/m3 particulate matter, 4.10 ppm nitrogen dioxide, and 8.10 ppm nitrogen oxide; a group e...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107539
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The potential danger of natural mercury accumulation in the diet of the Eskimo is evaluated through mercury levels determined in cord blood, placenta, maternal blood, hair, and milk of 38 maternal-infant pairs from Anchorage and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Although mercury levels are not discernably dangerous, trends t...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7615135
更新日期:1976-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Miners inhaling respirable coal dust (CD) frequently develop coal workers' pneumoconiosis, a dust-associated pneumoconiosis characterized by lung inflammation and variable fibrosis. Many coal miners are also exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) components of diesel engine exhaust and cigarette sm...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8906
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nationwide, 45 states issue health advisories for sport fish consumers. Chemical contaminants in some Great Lakes (GL) sport fish include compounds suspected of causing adverse reproductive and developmental effects. Although advisories to reduce consumption of contaminated fish, especially by women, have been issued ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.971051360
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A review of the literature is provided for the topic of health-related research and power frequency electromagnetic fields. Minimal evidence for concern is present on the basis of animal and plant research. General observation would accord with the implication that there is no single and manifest health effect as the ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8775159
更新日期:1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human milk is a repository for certain classes of long-lived, fat-soluble environmental contaminant chemicals. Some members of this class, such as the chlorinated pesticides and the chlorinated biphenyls, can be expected to be present at chemical waste disposal sites. Analysis of samples of breast milk obtained from w...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.834887
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were given 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg of a commercial polybrominated biphenyl, FireMaster BP-6 (PBB), in olive oil by gavage each day from days 7 through 15 of pregnancy. Laboratory chow and water were given ad libitum. Treatment with PBB had no significant effect on body weight gain, f...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7823295
更新日期:1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present a pilot study of individuals (liquidators) who were engaged in clean-up operations after the disaster at the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl in Ukraine. In the 10 years since the disaster, adverse health effects among exposed individuals have not been clearly defined. There is widespread fear of damage to ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s61445
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Experimental tools for studying the complex steroidogenic interactions that occur between placenta and fetus during human pregnancy are extremely limited. OBJECTIVES:We aimed to develop a co-culture model to study steroidogenesis by the human fetoplacental unit and its disruption by exposure to environmenta...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1307518
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Biomass smoke is an important source of particulate matter (PM), and much remains to be discovered with respect to the human health effects associated with this specific PM source. Exposure to biomass smoke can occur in one of two main categories: short-term exposures consist of periodic, seasonal exposures ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11378
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A cohort of 12,110 male workers employed 1 or more years in eight styrene-butadiene polymer (SBR) manufacturing plants in the United States and Canada has been followed for mortality over a 40-year period, 1943 to 1982. The all-cause mortality of these workers was low [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 0.81] compar...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9086107
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methyl eugenol is a naturally occurring material found in a variety of food sources, including spices, oils, and nutritionally important foods such as bananas and oranges. Given its natural occurrence, a broad cross-section of the population is likely exposed. The availability of biomonitoring and toxicology data offe...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9057
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead was examined in two population samples. One of these consisted of 1137 men aged 49 to 65 years, the other of 865 men and 856 women aged 18 to 64 years. Neither population had any known important exposure to lead, and the 95% ranges of blood lead levels were 6 to 2...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8878119
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Occupational and environmental asbestos exposure continues to represent a public health problem, despite increasingly restrictive laws adopted by most industrialized countries. Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive asbestos-related malignancy. We present the case of a 65-year-old man who developed recurrent...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6542
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulates >170,000 public water systems to protect health, but not >13 million private wells. State and local government requirements for private well water testing are rare and inconsistent; the responsibility to ensure water safety remains with individual households....
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP629
更新日期:2017-08-03 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Tetraethyl lead was phased out of gasoline in Uganda in 2005. Recent mitigation of an important source of lead exposure suggests examination and re-evaluation of the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning in this country. Ongoing concerns persist about exposure from the Kiteezi landfill in Kampala, the count...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0901768
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory animal diets for studies to determine the endocrine-disrupting potential of chemicals are under scrutiny because they can affect both assay control values and assay sensitivity. Although phytoestrogen content is important, we have previously shown that a phytoestrogen-rich diet and a phytoestrogen-free diet...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7039
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The incidence of asbestos-induced human cancers is increasing worldwide, and considerable evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of these diseases. Our previous studies suggested that mitochondria might be involved in the initiation of oxidative stress in asbestos-expose...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1104287
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Policy decisions regarding climate change mitigation are increasingly incorporating the beneficial and adverse health impacts of greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies. Studies of such co-benefits and co-harms involve modeling approaches requiring a range of analytic decisions that affect the model out...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1306744
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:National disparities in asbestos use will likely lead to an unequal burden of asbestos diseases. OBJECTIVES:As economic status may be linked to asbestos use, we assessed, globally, the relationship between indicators of national economic development and asbestos use. METHODS:For the 135 countries that have...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0901196
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00