Abstract:
:Estrogen has clearly been shown to decrease bone loss and frequency of osteoporotic fractures. Calcitonin has been shown in several studies to reduce the rate of bone loss, although no data are yet available demonstrating a reduction in fracture frequency. Studies of osteoporosis intrinsically assume that prevention of further loss, or increments in bone mass, will be associated with declines in fracture recurrence. That may not always be the case. Recent controlled studies in which fluoride was used to increase bone mass in vertebral bodies resulted in no significant decline in fracture recurrence, and there was even a suggestion of increased fracture risk at some sites. Thus further data on calcitonin will be important, even though calcitonin is not expected to alter bone quality as does fluoride. Alternative therapies to calcitonin and estrogen are being investigated in clinical studies since both are currently limited in their use. Because calcitonin currently requires nearly daily injections, estrogen remains the principal agent available for both prevention and treatment in spite of its wide effect on multiple body systems. Bisphosphonates, given continuously or intermittently, appear to be relatively safe oral alternatives to calcitonin. The long-term effects of these agents need to be evaluated in greater detail before they can be recommended for prevention, but a role in therapy of the established disorder seems likely. The skeletal effect of bisphosphonates is also inhibition of bone remodeling and therefore prevention of further bone loss. Thus, they add nothing to the other therapeutic regimens from this perspective and as with calcitonin therapy, documentation of decreased frequency of fracture is lacking. Agents to increase bone mass are purely investigational at this time and many years may elapse before efficacy can be shown for such interventions.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Lindsay R,Cosman Fdoi
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30343.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-01-01 00:00:00pages
326-33; discussion 334-45eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632journal_volume
592pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The development of ustekinumab as a first-in-class anti-interleukin (IL) 12/23p40 therapeutic agent for psoriasis represents an important example of modern and rational drug design and development. Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated skin disorder with considerable clinical, psychosocial, and economic bu...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::A diagnostic test is particularly beneficial if it reveals the level of susceptibility prior to onset of a disease process. In the case of childhood caries, such a diagnostic test affords the opportunity for preventive measures to be implemented before caries begins. Salivary glycoproteins contain a wealth of individu...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
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abstract::Familial British dementia (FBD) is a disorder characterized by the presence of amyloid deposits in cerebral blood vessels and brain parenchyma coexisting with neurofibrillary tangles in limbic areas. The amyloid subunit (ABri) is a 4 kDa fragment of a 266 amino acid type II single-spanning transmembrane precursor prot...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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abstract::Early in oral tolerance induction, IL-10-producing CD4(+) T cells were increased, and adoptive transfer of IL-10-deficient CD4(+) T cells failed induction of oral tolerance, suggesting a key role of IL-10 production in such a process. ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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abstract::Acylated aldose dialkyl dithioacetals with bromine undergo replacement of one alkylthio group by bromine. These unstable bromides react, as by fusion with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidine, to give acylated 1-(pyrimidin-1-yl) derivatives that upon saponification afford acyclic sugar nucleoside analogues, some as se...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29219.x
更新日期:1975-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::Human speech perception seems to involve the ability to recognize groupings of speech sounds rather than component phonemes, and to distinguish between permuted orders of items within sequences as holistic entities. Humans can use this Holistic Pattern Recognition (HPR) not only with speech and music, but also with se...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The innervation of muscles in patients with the post-polio syndrome (PPS) may differ from limb to limb or even within the same limb because of the segmental nature of the initial involvement and the varying degree of subsequent recovery. Consequently, the compensatory effort of the neighboring muscles varies even in t...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1995-05-25 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative process characterized by progressive degeneration of the substantia nigra and concurrent loss of neuromelanin in these structures. The present hypothesis suggests that progression of Parkinson's disease may be reduced by enhancing the regional levels of neuroprotective factor...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin resistance has been recognized as the fundamental underlying metabolic defect in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Recent studies established that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in insulin resist...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular patterns relating to a variety of microbial infections. Stimulation through TLRs leads to activation of antigen-presenting cells, production of inflammatory cytokines creating inflammation, and production of type 1 interferons (IFNs) that include IFN-alpha and -beta, and ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members RANKL and TNF-alpha are critical regulators of osteoclast formation, functions of other TNFs in bone are poorly understood. Here we consider the roles in regulating bone turnover of TNF receptors (TNF-R) also expressed by osteoblasts and osteoblast precursors. TNF r...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The arterial baroreflex has two important functions. First, the arterial baroreflex is a negative feedback reflex that regulates arterial pressure around a preset value called a set or operating point. Second, the arterial baroreflex also establishes the prevailing systemic arterial pressure when the operating point i...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fifteen patients with coccidioidal meningitis were treated with high doses of ketoconazole for up to 4 years. Five patients were treated with ketoconazole alone. One clinically failed, one developed hepatotoxicity, and three achieved remission of meningitis. One patient received intrathecal AMB in addition to ketocona...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40446.x
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acanthamoeba castellanii (A. castellanii) is a common soil- or water-borne protozoon that feeds on bacteria by phagocytosis. A. castellanii can grow between 4 and 32 degrees C and has to adapt quickly to chilling in order to survive. We have identified a Delta12-fatty acid desaturase as key to low temperature adaptati...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age-associated alterations in the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) may lead to free radical generation and contribute to aging. The complexes of the ETS were screened spectrophotometrically in gastrocnemius of young (10 month) as well as older (20 and 26 month) B6C3F1 female mice fed an ad libitum (AL) di...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09902.x
更新日期:1998-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::Data Sets used in reverse engineering of biochemical networks contain usually relatively few high-dimensional data points, which makes the problem in general vastly underdetermined. It is therefore important to estimate the probability that a given algorithm will return a model of acceptable quality when run on a data...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A mouse strain lacking SMP30 can be regarded as a strain showing ultimate decrease of the SMP30 molecule. After three months of age, SMP30-KO mice had an increased mortality rate, compared with the SMP30-WT mice, all of which remained alive. Electron microscopic observation of the hepatocytes from 12-month-old SMP30-K...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vestibular stimulation by head accelerations always involves multisensory activation of the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems. Over the past few years, galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has become increasingly popular for testing vestibular function for clinical and research purposes. Although GVS prov...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amyloid precursor proteins (APP) are a member of a larger family of proteins that include the amyloid precursor-like proteins (APLP) APLPI and APLP2. We have examined the expression and metabolism of APLP2 and document that APLP2 is expressed at high levels in the nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Furthermore,...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34404.x
更新日期:1996-01-17 00:00:00
abstract::The repeated, intermittent use of cocaine and other drugs of abuse produces profound and often long-lasting alterations in behavior and brain chemistry. It has been suggested that these consequences of drug use play a critical role in drug craving and relapse to addiction. This article reviews the effects of psychosti...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Altered calcium homeostasis may play a key role in the pathophysiology of human heart failure. Levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins and sarcolemmal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger were analyzed by Western blot in failing and nonfailing human myocardium and related to myocardial function. Levels of the SR calcium releas...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1998-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::Aberrations in estrogen signaling increase breast cancer risk. Molecular mechanisms that impact breast cancer initiation, promotion, and progression can be investigated using genetically engineered mouse models. Increasing estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression levels twofold is sufficient to initiate and promote br...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The New York Stem Cell Foundation's "Fifth Annual Translational Stem Cell Research Conference" convened on October 12-13, 2010 at the Rockefeller University in New York City. The conference attracted over 400 scientists, patient advocates, and stem cell research supporters from 16 countries. In addition to poster and ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06038.x
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::I2-imidazoline receptors (I2-IR) are characterized by their high affinity for imidazolines and guanidines and medium affinity for imidazolidines. The differential recognition of I2-IR by amiloride led to subtype these sites as amiloride-sensitive (I2A-IR) and amiloride-insensitive (I2B-IR). I2-IR labeled with [3H]idaz...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09354.x
更新日期:1999-06-21 00:00:00
abstract::The receptive field of a direction-selective unit of any type consists of an excitatory center 3 degrees -5 degrees in size, a near inhibitory surround and a far surround upon which illumination exerts an influence for both spontaneous activity and specific cell response. ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1342.057
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The central nervous system (CNS) plays a vital role in regulating energy balance and metabolism. Over the last 50 years, studies in animal models have allowed us to identify critical CNS regions involved in these processes and even crucial cell populations. Now, techniques for genetically and anatomically targeted man...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13468
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00