Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy.

abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to decreased bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy fractures. Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements are the gold standard for determining bone mineral density. Bone loss is an inevitab...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lupsa BC,Insogna K

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With apparent failure of SU drug therapy, the management of NIDDM patients becomes even more challenging. The following sequence of actions is recommended. 1. Situational dietary noncompliance (eg, a prolonged vacation or a recent period of family or occupational stress) should be treated first by renewed regular cont...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Genuth S

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a condition which may develop in patients with Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy. Although there is no formal consensus on what defines NS, corticotroph tumor growth and/or gradually increasing ACTH levels are important diagnostic elements. Pathogenesis is unclear and well-estab...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fountas A,Karavitaki N

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Based on the 2010 version, the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO 2017) classification is for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNEN). The WHO 2017 classification introduces the novel well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of high grade (NET G3). A sharp distinction between NET and poorly differentiated neuroe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Inzani F,Petrone G,Rindi G

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Underwater weighing has been the gold standard for the measurement of body composition in humans; however, the two formulas widely used, the Siri and Bronze, were developed using young adult white males. The development of newer techniques in the past 20 years has greatly expanded the accuracy and ease of measuring bo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Harsha DW,Bray GA

更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A series of investigations have emphasized the heterogeneous nature of the clinical condition known as PCOS and have delineated several factors that may contribute to the hyperandrogenemia and anovulation in this condition. Currently, it remains unclear whether intrinsic abnormalities of ovarian steroidogenesis, the e...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Marshall JC,Eagleson CA

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Surgical intervention is a necessary part of a multimodal approach to pituitary lesions. This article summarizes the surgical approach to different neoplastic processes affecting the sellar region. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Chandler WF,Barkan AL

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ginsberg HN

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Approximately 70% of patients who form metabolic stones have the idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis syndrome, which is diagnosed by exclusion of other identifiable metabolic abnormalities. This article reviews the classification, risk factors, and treatment options for those patients with this syndrome. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Smith LH

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric corpus. Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are s...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rindi G,Inzani F,Solcia E

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenal disorders may manifest during pregnancy de novo, or before pregnancy undiagnosed or diagnosed and treated. Adrenal disorders may present as hormonal hypofunction or hyperfunction, or with mass effects or other nonendocrine effects. Pregnancy presents special problems in the evaluation of the hypothalamic-pitui...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Abdelmannan D,Aron DC

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-sensitive breast cancer because of better disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen seen in clinical trials with AIs. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Mirza FS

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The notion that Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease has been based primarily on the clinical associations between it and Graves' hyperthyroidism, and on the frequently beneficial response of the disease to immunosuppressive therapy. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights into the pat...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bahn RS

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Both somatostatin analogues, which bind to the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5, and dopamine agonists, which are specific for the D2 receptor, have been used to treat acromegaly. Each of these classes of drugs contains several compounds that vary in duration of action, efficacy, and side effect profile. Althoug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Newman CB

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A wide variety of medications, devices, and surgical interventions are available to patients who have ED. These range from first-line oral agents to second-line therapy with injections or vacuum devices to third-line options, such as penile prosthesis implantation. In this article, we cover available treatments for er...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Brant WO,Bella AJ,Lue TF

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses recent evidence that associates the developing intestinal microbiome to the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D. It attempts to identify avenues that should be pursued that relate this new evidence to interventions that eventually could result in prevention. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Neu J,Lorca G,Kingma SD,Triplett EW

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All organisms must adapt to changing nutrient availability, with nutrient surplus promoting glucose metabolism and nutrient deficit promoting alternative fuels (in mammals, mainly free fatty acids). A major function of glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus is to regulate blood glucose. When these neurons sense g...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Moreno C,Yang L,Dacks P,Isoda F,Poplawski M,Mobbs CV

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is an individual electronic document that collects data regarding a specific athlete that is useful in differentiating between natural physiologic variations of selected biomarkers and deviations caused by artificial manipulations. A subsidiary of the endocrine module of the ABP, ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sottas PE,Saugy M,Saudan C

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stavrou S,Kleinberg DL

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Male infertility is a common problem but only about one quarter of patients have specific or defined conditions that make them either sterile or severely infertile. About half of these patients have untreatable primary seminiferous tubule failure, and donor insemination or adoption are the only possibilities of having...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The last 2 decades have seen tremendous growth in understanding the clinical characteristics of various childhood bone disorders, their mechanisms and natural histories, and their responses to treatment. In this review, the authors describe advances in bone assessment techniques for children. In addition, they provide...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ward LM,Konji VN

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fontana A,Delmas PD

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Levetan CS,Magee MF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a genetic variant that is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes during life. Enhanced aging of pancreatic beta-cells, a reduced capacity of these cells to synthesize large amounts of insulin,and a resetting of the ATP/ADP-regulated K-channel seem to be ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Maassen JA,Jahangir Tafrechi RS,Janssen GM,Raap AK,Lemkes HH,'t Hart LM

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Surgical approaches to hepatic metastases occupy an important role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms and may have curative or palliative intentions. Resection of hepatic disease with curative intent is the only modality offering potential cure for patients with liver metastases; however, only...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Frilling A,Clift AK

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Weight gain can be a significant barrier to the treatment of diabetes. Insulin detemir is a basal insulin analog that can help patients move safely toward glycemic targets with less weight gain. This review discusses the potential adverse effects of, and hypothesis for, weight gain resulting from intensive insulin man...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bush MA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocrinologists may be challenged not only by the great diversity of rare heritable metabolic bone diseases, but also by an unusual array of genetically transmitted skeletal dysplasias. The striking impact that many such skeletal dysplasias have on bone leads physicians naturally to question whether there is a metabo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Whyte MP

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With building pressure for cost-containment of medical expenditures, the medical community is finding it increasingly necessary to justify its procedures and systems of care. The analysis of health care outcomes has been extensively applied to diabetes care as a means of determining the process by which optimal outcom...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ratner RE

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost ev...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bray GA

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renal artery stenosis, particularly related to advancing atherosclerotic disease, is a common concern to internists seeing patients with worsening hypertension and deteriorating renal function. Understanding the hormonal and hemodynamic consequences of critical vascular lesions allows better selection of antihypertens...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Textor SC

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00