Abstract：
:The notion that Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease has been based primarily on the clinical associations between it and Graves' hyperthyroidism, and on the frequently beneficial response of the disease to immunosuppressive therapy. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights into the pathogenesis that support an autoimmune basis for this condition. In particular, there is now compelling--although not definitive--evidence that, if verified, would represent disease transfer by thyroid-secreting hormone receptor-sensitized T cells. Future studies using animal models and in vitro systems will allow definitive identification of the immune cell types, autoantigens, and autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Bahn RSdoi
10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70132-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-06-01 00:00:00pages
287-96, viissue
2eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(05)70132-8journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone treatment of type 2 diabetes in the obese patient, and is highly effective at promoting glucose regulation. However, many individuals struggle over time to maintain optimal glycemic control and/or body weight with lifestyle modification. Therefore, additional therapeutic appro...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.007
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thyroid nodules are extremely common, affecting from 4% to 7% of the population. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the most accurate and cost-effective technique for nodule diagnosis. It is simple, safe, and should be the first test used in patient work-up. Routine thyroxine (T4) suppressive therapy is no longer recomm...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70344-3
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(08)70021-5
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.013
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dexamethasone suppression test has undergone unprecedented study among the biologic tests proposed for clinical use in psychiatry. Since the 1970s, its study has involved hundreds of reports and thousands of patients. Although important technical aspects of the test appear to be well accepted and validated, additi...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.005
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2017.10.008
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.009
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.011
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Surgical intervention is a necessary part of a multimodal approach to pituitary lesions. This article summarizes the surgical approach to different neoplastic processes affecting the sellar region. ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.006
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2016.06.003
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2005.04.008
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70231-0
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:Recent advances in the genetics of the family of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) enzymes have helped in the understanding of the molecular basis and hormonal phenotype of bona fide 3 beta-HSD deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This article revisits the clinical spectra of 3 beta-HSD defi...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(08)70020-3
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An approach to the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteoporosis is described. A system of classification of vertebral fractures is outlined, and the relative merits of different techniques for bone mineral density are discussed. The importance of identifying factors that accelerate bone loss is stressed. The ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In summary, patients who will remain on glucocorticoids for more than a few weeks are clearly at risk for osteoporosis. A list of therapeutic strategies is provided in Table 2. While our therapy remains inadequate at this time, newer agents are on the horizon. In the near future, it may be possible to recommend specif...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a novel method that assesses skeletal texture from spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS improves fracture-risk prediction beyond that provided by DXA bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors, and can be incorporated to the Word Health Organization Fracture...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2016.09.005
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence, clinical presentation, and types of thyroid cancers presenting in childhood are reviewed. The role of antecedent radiation in papillary and follicular thyroid cancers and genetics of medullary thyroid carcinoma are discussed. Unique aspects of therapy and prognosis for the pediatric patient with thyroid...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To make a diagnosis of insulinoma, one must consider it. Neuroglycopenic symptoms are the most prominent and convincing, and the combination of hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinemia are diagnostic of insulinoma. A glucose level of approximately 40 mg/dL with a concomitant insulin level of 6 microU/mL, a C-pepti...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70087-6
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.012
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
