Adrenal disorders in pregnancy.

abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Levetan CS,Magee MF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A small abut important subset of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer will die of disease. Our approach to therapy treats almost all patients similarly, with aggressive surgery and I-131 therapy. Meticulous follow-up should include multiple I-131 diagnostic scans using at least 5 to 10 mCi of I-131 with attenti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sweeney DC,Johnston GS

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Various clinical syndromes illustrate the essential role of insulin in modulating somatic growth both in utero and after birth. The effect of insulin on growth is a consequence of direct effects transduced via its homologous receptor and post-receptor signaling pathways and indirect effects on other modulators of grow...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Menon RK,Sperling MA

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to decreased bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy fractures. Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements are the gold standard for determining bone mineral density. Bone loss is an inevitab...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lupsa BC,Insogna K

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are an emerging risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Recent genetic and epidemiologic data have provided strong evidence for a causal role of Lp(a) in CHD. Despite these developments, which have attracted increasing interest from clin...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Koschinsky ML,Boffa MB

更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Approximately one half of young women who have 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure have ovarian follicles remaining in the ovary. These follicles function intermittently and unpredictably, and pregnancies can occur in these women without intervention, even many years after the diagnosis. Clearly, the term "pre...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Nelson LM,Bakalov VK

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses recent evidence that associates the developing intestinal microbiome to the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D. It attempts to identify avenues that should be pursued that relate this new evidence to interventions that eventually could result in prevention. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Neu J,Lorca G,Kingma SD,Triplett EW

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity in adults is associated with excess mortality and excess risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, gallbladder disease, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. Overweight children often become overweight adults, and overweight in adulthood is a health risk. Although childhood overwei...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ogden CL,Carroll MD,Flegal KM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone treatment of type 2 diabetes in the obese patient, and is highly effective at promoting glucose regulation. However, many individuals struggle over time to maintain optimal glycemic control and/or body weight with lifestyle modification. Therefore, additional therapeutic appro...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Malin SK,Kashyap SR

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review has highlighted some of the experimental studies in animals and humans that have shown an important link between dietary change and atherosclerosis. This relationship was further supported by population studies showing a key role for saturated fat intake in the determination of serum cholesterol level and ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stone NJ

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stavrou S,Kleinberg DL

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts growth inhibitory and prodifferentiating effects on many malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models. Calcitriol is being evaluated as an anticancer agent in several human cancers. The mechanisms underlying the antic...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Krishnan AV,Trump DL,Johnson CS,Feldman D

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guani...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sobrinho-Simões M,Máximo V,Rocha AS,Trovisco V,Castro P,Preto A,Lima J,Soares P

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exercise is an important component of behavioral weight control interventions, and exercise may be most effective for weight control when combined with modifications to energy intake. Clinicians should initially encourage overweight and obese adults to adopt at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jakicic JM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Women who cannot or choose not to take estrogens do have alternatives; however, the options are few and unproven in longterm clinical trials with respect to safety and efficacy. Many available alternative treatments may alleviate the symptoms of the menopause, but do not convey long-term protection against osteoporosi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hendrix SL

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is incompletely understood and appears to be multifactorial. Proatherogenic changes in blood and tissue lipids are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected subjects, and these changes ma...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kelesidis T,Currier JS

更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal sleep is characterized both by reduced glucose turnover by the brain and other metabolically active tissues, and by changes in glucose tolerance. Sleep duration has decreased over the last several decades; data suggest a link between short sleep duration and type 2 diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) result...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Mesarwi O,Polak J,Jun J,Polotsky VY

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency can be diagnosed with measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). Most vitamin D is derived from sunlight (80%), so serum 25OHD levels are lowest in late winter and early spring. Dietary vitamin D in North America is small, about 100 to 200 IU daily. A recent review of the...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Smith LM,Gallagher JC

更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article, an overview is presented of hypophysitis in terms of current clinical and experimental findings, with discussion of the anatomic and histopathologic classification of primary hypophysitis and factors associated with secondary hypophysitis. In addition, discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features,...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fukuoka H

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Surgical approaches to hepatic metastases occupy an important role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms and may have curative or palliative intentions. Resection of hepatic disease with curative intent is the only modality offering potential cure for patients with liver metastases; however, only...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Frilling A,Clift AK

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ambiguity of the external genitalia may be based on disordered steroid biosynthesis or may arise from fundamental genetic and chromosomal abnormalities that produce failure of gonadogenesis. This article first discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia and then considers the diverse abnormalities that cause disordered g...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： New MI,Josso N

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer, demonstrating variable behavior from indolent disease to highly aggressive, progressive disease. There are distinguishing phenotypic features of sporadic and hereditary MTC. Activation or overexpression of cell surface receptors and up-regulation of i...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hu MI,Ying AK,Jimenez C

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last 2 decades, diabetes technology has emerged as a branch of diabetes management thanks to the advent of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and increased availability of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion systems, or insulin pumps. These tools have progressed from rudimentary instruments to sophisticat...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kravarusic J,Aleppo G

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osmoreceptor sensitivity is enhanced in healthy elderly subjects and AVP secretion is increased, relative to that of younger subjects, when plasma osmolality rises. Increased AVP secretion/unit increase in plasma tonicity reflects a decrease in collecting tubule sensitivity to AVP by an as yet unknown mechanism in the...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Davis PJ,Davis FB

更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rates of obesity counseling are low among physicians because of the lack of time and training in this area. In recognition of this challenge, recent national guidelines encourage physicians to refer patients with obesity to intensive, comprehensive lifestyle programs to lose weight. Some commercial weight-loss program...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gudzune KA,Clark JM

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Garnero P,Delmas PD

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are many pathways that might lead to decreased bone mass, skeletal fragility, and increased fracture risk in osteoporosis. Some of these have been clearly identified, such as estrogen deficiency. Others that were conceived on the basis of experimental findings and recent scientific discoveries such as abnormalit...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Raisz LG,Rodan GA

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Duplex/color Doppler sonography (US) is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of patients with primary amenorrhea. Careful correlation with clinical history, physical examination and laboratory findings significantly narrows the diagnostic possibilities thus allowing for a more precise diagnosis. This arti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rosenberg HK

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty w...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Xing Y,Lerario AM,Rainey W,Hammer GD

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Basaria S

更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00