Pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

abstract：:Based on the 2010 version, the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO 2017) classification is for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNEN). The WHO 2017 classification introduces the novel well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of high grade (NET G3). A sharp distinction between NET and poorly differentiated neuroe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Inzani F,Petrone G,Rindi G

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ambiguity of the external genitalia may be based on disordered steroid biosynthesis or may arise from fundamental genetic and chromosomal abnormalities that produce failure of gonadogenesis. This article first discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia and then considers the diverse abnormalities that cause disordered g...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： New MI,Josso N

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Physiologic regulation of bone cell function is achieved by the combined actions of some circulating hormones and several locally produced cytokines. Interactions among these agents are important, and the regulated generation of proteolytic activities is likely to play a major role in determining net effects on bone c...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Martin TJ,Ng KW,Suda T

更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity in adults is associated with excess mortality and excess risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, gallbladder disease, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. Overweight children often become overweight adults, and overweight in adulthood is a health risk. Although childhood overwei...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ogden CL,Carroll MD,Flegal KM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Various clinical syndromes illustrate the essential role of insulin in modulating somatic growth both in utero and after birth. The effect of insulin on growth is a consequence of direct effects transduced via its homologous receptor and post-receptor signaling pathways and indirect effects on other modulators of grow...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Menon RK,Sperling MA

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ethnicity is a complex yet important construct and an independent risk factor for diabetic heart disease (DHD) with paramount clinical significance. Clinicians should try to better understand the role of ethnicity through more questions. The risk of DHD is modified by ethnicity through more questions. The risk of DHD ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dave JK,Kamdar VV

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level currently is used as the major determinant of lipid- and lipoprotein-associated risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease, and varying levels have become the standard goals of lipid-altering treatment. The predictive value of the LDL-C cholesterol level, however, often ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lau JF,Smith DA

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose intolerance and diabetes are common complications of cystic fibrosis (CF), affecting up to 75% of the adult population. This article discusses the prevalence and pathophysiology of glucose tolerance abnormalities in CF, and reviews recent recommendations for diagnosis, screening, and management of CF-related d...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hardin DS,Moran A

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sherman SI

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CVD is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have diabetes mellitus. Most such patients have at least one lipid abnormality. Managing these complex lipid disorders is a crucial component of comprehensive diabetes mellitus care and limits the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kendall DM

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Health care providers and patients have lots of choice to treat type 2 diabetes, but the blood glucose improvement is limited. The one therapy with unlimited potential (at least theoretically) is insulin. Many studies show that glucose control is achievable with insulin safely in most patients with type 2 diabetes. Ef...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Leahy JL

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To make a diagnosis of insulinoma, one must consider it. Neuroglycopenic symptoms are the most prominent and convincing, and the combination of hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinemia are diagnostic of insulinoma. A glucose level of approximately 40 mg/dL with a concomitant insulin level of 6 microU/mL, a C-pepti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Grant CS

更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and trea...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Tenore A,Driul D

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of vaccines is arguably the most significant achievement in medicine to date. The practice of innoculation with the fluid from a sore to protect from a disease actually dates back to ancient China; however, with the introduction of Jenner's smallpox vaccine, and greater understanding of the immune syst...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Urbanek-Ruiz I,Ruiz PJ,Steinman L,Fathman CG

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The close genotype-phenotype relationship that characterizes thyroid oncology stimulated the authors to address this article by using a mixed, genetic and phenotypic approach. As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guani...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sobrinho-Simões M,Máximo V,Rocha AS,Trovisco V,Castro P,Preto A,Lima J,Soares P

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a growing number of immune abnormalities. At the time of clinical onset, most patients developing the disease as children or young adults have autoantibodies reactive with islet beta cells. Current autoantibody markers for IDDM are not sufficient to predict the di...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lernmark A,Bärmeier H,Dube S,Hagopian W,Karlsen A,Wassmuth R

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize fo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Robles DT,Eisenbarth GS

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperglycemia is common during pregnancy, involving multisystem adaptations. Pregnancy-induced metabolic changes increase insulin resistance. Pregnancy-induced insulin resistance adds to preexisting insulin resistance. Preexisting pancreatic β-cell defect compromises the ability to enhance insulin secretion, leading t...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kapur A,McIntyre HD,Hod M

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article discusses several unusual forms of primary thyroid neoplasms. The TCV of PTC and insular thyroid carcinoma appears to have a more aggressive clinical behavior than DTC in most patient groups and may respond to thyroid hormone suppression and radioiodine. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which may develop fro...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Burman KD,Ringel MD,Wartofsky L

更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoporosis is prevalent in transplant recipients and is related to pre- and post-transplantation factors. Low bone density and fractures may antedate transplantation, related to traditional risk factors for osteoporosis, effects of chronic illness, and end-stage organ failure and its therapy, on the skeleton. Bone l...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stein E,Ebeling P,Shane E

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article we present factors that determine whether one can trust the results of studies that describe the properties of diagnostic tests. We review the ways in which the results of such studies could be presented to the readers and consider factors that determine the value of such reports in one's own clinical ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jaeschke R,Guyatt GH,Montori VM

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Duplex/color Doppler sonography (US) is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of patients with primary amenorrhea. Careful correlation with clinical history, physical examination and laboratory findings significantly narrows the diagnostic possibilities thus allowing for a more precise diagnosis. This arti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rosenberg HK

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acromegaly is an unusual insidious but potentially serious chronic pituitary disorder. The delay in diagnosis results not only in unique somatic disfigurement but is also associated with significant mental and emotional dysfunction. This article reviews and describes some of these nonclassic and often overlooked featu...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ezzat S

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a novel method that assesses skeletal texture from spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS improves fracture-risk prediction beyond that provided by DXA bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors, and can be incorporated to the Word Health Organization Fracture...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Silva BC,Leslie WD

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In summary, patients who will remain on glucocorticoids for more than a few weeks are clearly at risk for osteoporosis. A list of therapeutic strategies is provided in Table 2. While our therapy remains inadequate at this time, newer agents are on the horizon. In the near future, it may be possible to recommend specif...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Adler RA,Rosen CJ

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndromes are variable in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Diagnosis of the type 1 autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome can be difficult at an early age when often only one manifestation is present, and it may take years for others to appear. Increased awa...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Owen CJ,Cheetham TD

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss has been recognized for almost 50 years, yet it remains an important medical problem and a common cause of fracturing. Loss of skeletal mass may occur early in the course of glucocorticoid therapy and appears to be related to the cumulative dose of steroid, as well as to the usual risk...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hodgson SF

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes the clinical features and molecular pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and focuses on the current use of molecular, biochemical, and imaging disease markers as a basis for selection of appropriate therapy. Clinicians treating patients who have MTC face the following challenges: (1) ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ball DW

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mediators of neuroendocrine and autonomic function seem to play important roles in the core symptoms of major depression. Although centrally directed corticotropin-releasing hormones and norepinephrine contribute to core symptoms such as alterations in anxiety, arousal, and mood, they also exert significant potentiall...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gold PW,Gabry KE,Yasuda MR,Chrousos GP

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00