Abstract:
:The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize foreign peptides in the context of self-molecules (MHC) and the need to be tolerant to all self-peptides. Despite the large number of mechanisms in place to ensure the removal or suppression of self-reactive lymphocytes, the system is not 100% effective, with the occasional result of autoimmunity. A number of autoimmune disorders occur together and a better understanding of the genetic basis underlying this association should lead to an enhanced ability to predict, diagnose, and develop therapies aimed at preventing and treating these diseases.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Robles DT,Eisenbarth GSdoi
10.1016/s0889-8529(01)00016-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-06-01 00:00:00pages
261-82issue
2eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(01)00016-0journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Hypergonadotropic forms of amenorrhea in young women are many and varied, and the disorder is not nearly as uncommon as previously believed. It is likely that all physicians seeing women with amenorrhea will encounter this disorder. Careful evaluation is warranted to eliminate any associated autoimmune disorders. Beca...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer, demonstrating variable behavior from indolent disease to highly aggressive, progressive disease. There are distinguishing phenotypic features of sporadic and hereditary MTC. Activation or overexpression of cell surface receptors and up-regulation of i...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.02.004
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately 70% of patients who form metabolic stones have the idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis syndrome, which is diagnosed by exclusion of other identifiable metabolic abnormalities. This article reviews the classification, risk factors, and treatment options for those patients with this syndrome. ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pheochromocytomas cause the most dramatic life-threatening crises in all of endocrinology. Pheochromocytoma is an explosive clinical syndrome that may be characterized by either severe hypertension associated with cerebral, cardiac, and renal complications or hypotension, or even shock and sudden death. Other emergenc...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-sensitive breast cancer because of better disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen seen in clinical trials with AIs. ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2011.05.008
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Male infertility is a common problem but only about one quarter of patients have specific or defined conditions that make them either sterile or severely infertile. About half of these patients have untreatable primary seminiferous tubule failure, and donor insemination or adoption are the only possibilities of having...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Its incidence and mortality rates have increased for patients with advanced-stage papillary thyroid cancer. The characterization of the molecular pathways essential in thyroid cancer initiation and progression has made huge progress, underlining the role of intra...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.003
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than 80% of women experience psychologic or physical symptoms in the late reproductive years, with varying degrees of severity and disruption in their lives. Patients and clinicians have misconceptions about what changes are considered "normal" or"abnormal" during this period. Of importance to clinicians, large-s...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.07.003
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased fracture risk. Fracture as a complication of diabetes must be considered when evaluating and treating patients with...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.004
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucocorticoids are critical in the management of chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory diseases. Bone loss is a most devastating side effect of these powerful medications. Glucocorticoids produce bone loss by altering calcium metabolism, suppressing gonadal hormone production, and inhibiting bone formation. Now that t...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70017-7
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70201-2
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::All organisms must adapt to changing nutrient availability, with nutrient surplus promoting glucose metabolism and nutrient deficit promoting alternative fuels (in mammals, mainly free fatty acids). A major function of glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus is to regulate blood glucose. When these neurons sense g...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.007
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitation...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.003
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately one half of young women who have 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure have ovarian follicles remaining in the ovary. These follicles function intermittently and unpredictably, and pregnancies can occur in these women without intervention, even many years after the diagnosis. Clearly, the term "pre...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00043-4
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The liver is key to glucose homeostasis. Any disruption of its metabolism, structural integrity, or intracellular dynamics may alter the liver's ability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. When such disruption affects hepatic glucose output, hypoglycemia may eventuate. Multiple drugs including alcohol may alter th...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is associated with a spectrum of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. Both the degree and the distribution of excess adipose tissue impact on the risk of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms that may lead to hypertension in obese individuals include inc...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The regulation of energy balance is enormously complex, with numerous genetic, hormonal, neural/behavioral, and societal influences. Although the current epidemic of obesity has its underpinnings in the changes in culture during the last half century, the role of the neuroendocrine system in the genesis of obesity is ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70211-5
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this article, new avenues in the understanding of immunologic processes involved in hypothyroidism have been explored. The discovery of a family of TSH-R directed antibodies, including TSI-block, TGI, and TGI-block, has afforded perspectives on the etiology of autoimmune thyroid disorders. Thus, whereas TSI and TSI...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Establishing the cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is one of the most challenging processes in clinical endocrinology. Biochemical testing, including measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), high-dose dexamethasone suppression, and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing, is integral to the differe...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.009
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucocorticoids mainly act through binding to cytosolic receptors that translocate to the nucleus after ligand binding, and dimerize to affect gene transcription in multiple fashions. The liganded receptors may interact with DNA at specific glucocorticoid responsive-elements, may physically hinder the ability of other...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Combined clinical and laboratory investigations of MEN-1 have resulted in an increased understanding of this disorder, which may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. Defining the features of each disease manifestation in MEN-1 has improved patient management and treatment and has facilitated a screening pr...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70150-x
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surgical approaches to hepatic metastases occupy an important role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms and may have curative or palliative intentions. Resection of hepatic disease with curative intent is the only modality offering potential cure for patients with liver metastases; however, only...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2018.04.001
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a condition which may develop in patients with Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy. Although there is no formal consensus on what defines NS, corticotroph tumor growth and/or gradually increasing ACTH levels are important diagnostic elements. Pathogenesis is unclear and well-estab...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2020.05.004
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the basic skills for the design, implementation, and interpretation of randomized controlled studies. Strengths and limitations of each study design are discussed. Epidemiologic issues in the analysis and interpretation of studies, such as loss to follow-up and biases, are included. Numerous cli...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70231-0
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are many pathways that might lead to decreased bone mass, skeletal fragility, and increased fracture risk in osteoporosis. Some of these have been clearly identified, such as estrogen deficiency. Others that were conceived on the basis of experimental findings and recent scientific discoveries such as abnormalit...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00055-5
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article summarizes the clinical features and molecular pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and focuses on the current use of molecular, biochemical, and imaging disease markers as a basis for selection of appropriate therapy. Clinicians treating patients who have MTC face the following challenges: (1) ...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.001
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary aldosteronism used to be considered a rare cause of secondary hypertension. However, accruing evidence indicates that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously recognized. The implications of this increased prevalence are important to public health because autonomous aldosterone production contribut...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.002
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acromegaly is an unusual insidious but potentially serious chronic pituitary disorder. The delay in diagnosis results not only in unique somatic disfigurement but is also associated with significant mental and emotional dysfunction. This article reviews and describes some of these nonclassic and often overlooked featu...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since its discovery, ANF has provided multitudinous opportunities to explore its relationship to various biologic functions. Hundreds of publications investigating various aspects of this newly discovered hormone system have appeared. ANF exhibits a plethora of direct and indirect biologic activities that oppose the h...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::With apparent failure of SU drug therapy, the management of NIDDM patients becomes even more challenging. The following sequence of actions is recommended. 1. Situational dietary noncompliance (eg, a prolonged vacation or a recent period of family or occupational stress) should be treated first by renewed regular cont...
journal_title:Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00